AN ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITIES FRAMEWORK
Three classes of factors affect what an organization can and cannot do: its resources, its processes, and
its values. When asking what sorts of innovations their organizations are and are not likely to be able to
implement successfully, managers can learn a lot about capabilities by disaggregating their answers
into these three categories.
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Resources
Resources are the most visible of the factors that contribute to what an organization can and cannot do.
Resources include people, equipment, technology, product designs, brands, information, cash, and
relationships with suppliers, distributors, and customers. Resources are usually things, or assets—they
can be hired and fired, bought and sold, depreciated or enhanced. They often can be transferred across
the boundaries of organizations much more readily than can processes and values. Without doubt,
access to abundant and high-quality resources enhances an organization’s chances of coping with
change.
Resources are the things that managers most instinctively identify when assessing whether their
organizations can successfully implement changes that confront them. Yet resource analysis clearly
does not tell a sufficient story about capabilities. Indeed, we could deal identical sets of resources to
two different organizations, and what they created from those resources would likely be very
different—because the capabilities to transform inputs into goods and services of greater value reside in
the organization’s processes and values.
Processes
Organizations create value as employees transform inputs of resources—people, equipment,
technology, product designs, brands, information, energy, and cash—into products and services of
greater worth. The patterns of interaction, coordination, communication, and decision-making through
which they accomplish these transformations are processes.
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Processes include not just manufacturing
processes, but those by which product development, procurement, market research, budgeting,
planning, employee development and compensation, and resource allocation are accomplished.
Processes differ not only in their purpose, but also in their visibility. Some processes are “formal,” in
the sense that they are explicitly defined, visibly documented, and consciously followed. Other
processes are “informal,” in that they are habitual routines or ways of working that have evolved over
time, which people follow simply because they work—or because “That’s the way we do things around
here.” Still other methods of working and interacting have proven so effective for so long that people
unconsciously follow them—they constitute the culture of the organization. Whether they are formal,
informal, or cultural, however, processes define how an organization transforms the sorts of inputs
listed above into things of greater value.
Processes are defined or evolve de facto to address specific tasks. This means that when managers use a
process to execute the tasks for which it was designed, it is likely to perform efficiently. But when the
same, seemingly efficient process is employed to tackle a very different task, it is likely to seem slow,
bureaucratic, and inefficient. In other words, a process that defines a capability in executing a certain
task concurrently defines disabilities in executing other tasks.
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The reason good managers strive for
focus in their organizations is that processes and tasks can be readily aligned.
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One of the dilemmas of management is that, by their very nature, processes are established so that
employees perform recurrent tasks in a consistent way, time after time. To ensure consistency, they are
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meant not to change—or if they must change, to change through tightly controlled procedures. This
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