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understand what has caused those circumstances and what forces will affect the feasibility of their
solutions. The following paragraphs summarize these principles and what managers can do to harness
or accommodate them.
Principle #1: Companies Depend on Customers and Investors for Resources
The history of the disk drive industry shows that the established firms stayed atop wave after wave of
sustaining technologies (technologies that their customers needed), while consistently stumbling over
simpler disruptive ones. This evidence supports the
theory of resource dependence.
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Chapter 5
summarizes this theory, which states that while managers may
think they control the flow of resources
in their firms, in the end it is really customers and investors who dictate how money will be spent
because companies with investment patterns that don’t satisfy their customers and investors don’t
survive. The highest-performing companies, in fact, are those that are the best at this, that is, they have
well-developed systems for killing ideas that their customers don’t want. As a result, these companies
find it very difficult to invest adequate resources in disruptive technologies—lower-margin
opportunities that their customers don’t want—until their customers want them. And by then it is too
late.
Chapter 5 suggests a way for managers to align or harness this law with their efforts to confront
disruptive technology. With few exceptions, the only instances in which mainstream firms have
successfully established a timely position in a disruptive technology were those in which the firms’
managers set up an autonomous organization charged with building a new and independent business
around the disruptive technology. Such organizations, free of the power of the customers of the
mainstream company, ensconce themselves among a different set of customers—those who
want the
products of the disruptive technology. In other words, companies can succeed in disruptive
technologies when their managers align their organizations
with the forces of resource dependence,
rather than ignoring or fighting them.
The implication of this principle for managers is that, when faced with a threatening disruptive
technology, people and processes in a mainstream organization cannot be expected to allocate freely
the critical financial and human resources needed to carve out a strong position in the small, emerging
market. It is very difficult for a company whose cost structure is tailored to compete in high-end
markets to be profitable in low-end markets as well. Creating an independent organization, with a cost
structure honed to achieve profitability at the low margins characteristic of most disruptive
technologies, is the only viable way for established firms to harness this principle.
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