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In assessing blame for the failure of good companies, the distinction is sometimes made between
innovations requiring very different technological capabilities, that is, so-called radical change, and
those that build upon well-practiced technological capabilities, often called incremental innovations.
3
The notion is that the magnitude of the technological change relative to the companies’ capabilities will
determine which firms triumph after a technology invades an industry. Scholars who support this view
find that established firms tend to be good at improving what they have long been good at doing, and
that entrant firms seem better suited for exploiting radically new technologies, often because they
import the technology into one industry from another, where they had already developed and practiced
it.
Clark, for example, has reasoned that companies build the technological capabilities in a product such
as an automobile hierarchically and experientially.
4
An organization’s historical choices about which
technological problems it would solve and which it would avoid determine the sorts of skills and
knowledge it accumulates. When optimal resolution of a product or process performance problem
demands a very different set of knowledge than a firm has accumulated, it may very well stumble. The
research of Tushman, Anderson, and their associates supports Clark’s hypothesis.
5
They found that
firms failed when a technological change destroyed the value of competencies previously cultivated
and succeeded when new technologies enhanced them.
The factors identified by these scholars undoubtedly affect the fortunes of firms confronted with new
technologies. Yet the disk drive industry displays a series of anomalies accounted for by neither set of
theories. Industry leaders first introduced sustaining technologies of
every sort, including architectural
and component innovations that rendered prior competencies irrelevant and made massive investments
in skills and assets obsolete. Nevertheless, these same firms stumbled over technologically
straightforward but disruptive changes such as the 8-inch drive.
The history of the disk drive industry, indeed, gives a very different meaning to what constitutes a
radical innovation among leading, established firms. As we saw, the nature of the technology involved
(components versus architecture and incremental versus radical), the magnitude of the risk, and the
time horizon over which the risks needed to be taken had little relationship to the patterns of leadership
and followership observed. Rather, if their customers needed an innovation, the leading firms somehow
mustered the resources and wherewithal to develop and adopt it. Conversely, if their customers did not
want or need an innovation, these firms found it impossible to commercialize even technologically
simple innovations.
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