Preface to the Holy Teachings of the Tripiṭaka
in seven hundred and eighty characters. When the reigning Emperor [Gao-
zong] was crown prince and living at the Spring Palace, he wrote
A Record
Relating the Preface to the Holy Teachings of the Tripiṭaka
in five hundred
and seventy-nine characters. If the Master had not cast the light of his prestige
upon Kukkuṭārāma Monastery and had not spread his fame over Vulture
Peak in India, how could the emperors have condescended to write such
ornamental compositions for the commendation of a contemporary scholar?
Under imperial edict, the Master translated six hundred and fifty-seven
Sanskrit texts into Chinese. Having witnessed the strange customs of distant
lands, the typical scenes of remote countries, the special products of different
places, the peculiar orders of human relations, the regions where the Chinese
almanac has been adopted, and the localities where Chinese culture and
influence have reached, he wrote
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the
Western Regions
in twelve fascicles, in which he cited passages from profound
and obscure texts and included comprehensive investigations and detailed
textual researches done in such a way as to render it a work of lasting value.
10
Fascicle I
Thirty-four Countries,
from Agni to Kāpiśī
1. The Country of Agni 18. The Country of Sahāniyan
2. The Country of Kuci 19. The Country of Kharūn
3. The Country of Bālukā 20. The Country of Shūmān
4. The Country of Nujkend 21. The Country of Kuvāyāna
5. The Country of Shash 22. The Country of Wakhsh
6. The Country of Feihan 23. The Country of Khuttalān
7. The Country of Sutrūshana 24. The Country of Komidai
8. The Country of Samarkand 25. The Country of Baghlan
9. The Country of Mimohe 26. The Country of Hrum-Simingān
10. The Country of Kapūtānā 27. The Country of Khulm
11. The Country of Kuṣāṇika 28. The Country of Baktra
12. The Country of Khagan 29. The Country of Zumathān
13. The Country of Bukhārā 30. The Country of Gūzgānān
14. The Country of Betik 31. The Country of Talaqān
15. The Country of Horiṣmīka 32. The Country of Kacik
16. The Country of Kasanna 33. The Country of Bāmīyāna
17. The Country of Tirmidh 34. The Country of Kāpiśī
By counting the grand strategies of successive emperors and reading the
records of remote events of the past monarchs, we know that when Emperor
Fuxi first ascended the throne and when the Yellow Emperor began to rule
over the country, they managed the affairs of the people and divided the coun-
try into administrative regions. When Emperor Yao of Tang received the
Mandate of Heaven to be the sovereign his glory reached the four quarters,
and when Emperor Shun of Yu accepted the map of the empire his virtue
spread over all the nine districts. Since then only the memoranda recording
past events have been transmitted, and if one wishes to hear from the former
sages he or she can only listen to the historians who recorded their words.
11
868c
869a
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
How can these be compared with our time, when good government prevails
in the empire under a monarch who reigns without ruling?
As to our great Tang dynasty, it has held sway over the empire in accordance
with the Mandate of Heaven; taking advantage of the times, it has controlled
the power of governance. The Emperor has united the six quarters into one
domain and filled it with his glory, and he has succeeded to the virtuous deeds
of the three ancient emperors as the fourth one in order, illuminating the world
with his light. His subtle influence has permeated widely and his auspicious
edification has extended far. He possesses the power of covering and carrying
all things like heaven and earth, and he acts with the functions of both the stim-
ulating wind and the moistening rain. With the Yi tribe at the eastern border
coming to offer tribute and the Rong people of the western frontier arriving to
pledge allegiance, he has founded an imperial heritage for his posterity; and
in quelling rebellion to restore order, he certainly has surpassed former kings.
His great deeds have included all those achieved by previous dynasties. Now
the whole empire is in such a uniformity that we use the same characters in
writing and our carriages have standard wheels to go in the same ruts. This is
the marvelous achievement of his consummate government. If I did not mention
all these points in my
Record,
I should have nowhere to praise his great exploits,
and if I did not publish them abroad, how could I shed light on his profuse
merits? Wherever I went in my journey I inquired about the local conditions
and customs, and although I did not do research into their locations, nor did I
differentiate their social institutions, I believe that the great merits of Emperor
[Taizong] have surpassed those of the three ancient emperors and the five mon-
archs of old. All living creatures are benefited by his genial influence and every
human being who can speak extols his merits. From the Tang empire up to the
land of India all the people, either of secluded regions with different customs
or of isolated places and alien countries, accept the Chinese calendar and enjoy
the fame and teachings of the Emperor. The praise of his military feats has
become a topic of conversation and the commendation of his civic virtue is
the most popular theme. I examined various books but found no records of
these things, and I presume that there is no similar instance mentioned in the
genealogical tables. Had I not made this narration, how could I record the ben-
eficial influence of the Emperor? The narratives I have now composed are
based on what I saw and heard.
12
Fascicle I
Now the
sahā
world, consisting of one great chiliocosm, is the sphere of
the spiritual influence of one buddha. The four continents under the illumi-
nation of one sun and moon within the great chiliocosm are the places where
the buddhas, the World-honored Ones, emerge in their incarnation bodies
and manifest birth and death to enlighten saints and ordinary beings. Mount
Sumeru, meaning “Wonderful High Mountain,” is composed of the four pre-
cious substances. It is located in the sea, standing on the golden wheel, under
the illumination of the sun and moon in rotation, being the residence of heav-
enly beings, surrounded by a ring of seven mountains and seven seas. The
water in the seas between the mountains possesses the eight virtues. Beyond
the seven golden mountains is the Salt Sea. Roughly speaking, there are four
habitable continents in the seas, namely, the Videha continent in the east, the
Jambu continent in the south, the Godānīya continent in the west, and the
Kuru continent in the north. A gold wheel king rules over all these four con-
tinents, a silver wheel king administers all except the Kuru continent in the
north, a copper wheel king’s domination does not include the Kuru continent
in the north or the Godānīya continent in the west, while an iron wheel king
controls only the Jambu continent in the south. When a wheel king is about
to ascend the throne a great precious wheel of gold, silver, copper, or iron
will appear in the air according to his merits, to empower him to rule over
four, three, two, or one continent, as the case may be. As the wheel is an aus-
picious symbol, it is adopted as the title of the kings.
In the center of the Jambu continent is Anavatapta Lake, meaning “No
Trouble of Heat,” which is south of Fragrant Mountain and north of the Great
Snow Mountains, with a circuit of eight hundred
li.
Its banks are adorned
with gold, silver, lapis lazuli, and crystal. It is full of golden sand and its
water is as pure and clean as a mirror. A bodhisattva of the eighth stage,
having transformed himself into a
nāga
king by the power of his resolute
will, makes his abode at the bottom of the lake and supplies water for the
Jambu continent. Thus from the mouth of the silver ox at the east side of the
lake flows the Ganges River, which, after going round the lake once, enters
the Southeast Sea; from the mouth of the golden elephant at the south side
of the lake flows the Indus River, which, after winding round the lake once,
enters the Southwest Sea; from the mouth of the lapis lazuli horse at the west
side of the lake flows the Oxus River, which, after meandering round the
13
869b
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
lake once, enters the Northwest Sea; and from the mouth of the crystal lion
at the north side of the lake flows the Sītā River, which, after encircling the
lake once, enters the Northeast Sea, or it is said that it flows by a subterranean
course to Jishi Mountain, where the water reappears as a tributary of the Sītā
and becomes the source of the Yellow River in China.
As there is no ruler now destined to be a wheel king, the Jambu continent
is reigned by four lords. The dominion under the sovereignty of the lord of
elephants in the south is hot and humid in climate, and it is fit for breeding
elephants. In the west the lord of treasure rules over the land beside the sea,
where there are plenty of precious substances. The place of the lord of horses
in the north is cold and bracing, and it is good for rearing horses. The country
of the lord of humans in the east is well populated with amiable inhabitants.
The people of the lord of elephants are impetuous by nature, but they are
devoted to studies and are especially skillful in miraculous arts. They wear
a piece of cloth across the body, leaving the right shoulder bare. Their hair
is made into a topknot with tufts falling down on the sides. They live in
groups of clans in towns, and their houses are multistoried. In the country
of the lord of treasure the people know nothing of propriety and righteousness
and overestimate wealth and property. They wear short jackets fastened on
the left side and cut their hair short but keep long mustaches. They live in
towns and gain profit by engaging in trade. The people under the rule of the
lord of horses are of a furious disposition and are cruel man-slayers. They
live in felt yurts and are migratory herdsmen. In the land of the lord of humans
the people are clever and skillful with obvious sentiments of kindness and
righteousness. They wear hats and belts and their garments are buttoned on
the right side. Their carriages and clothes are classified according to the ranks
and orders of the people, and they are attached to their native land and unwill-
ing to leave it. They have a class of people specially devoted to commerce.
Excluding the lord of humans, the other three lords hold the east as the
superior direction. Their people build houses with doors opening to the east,
and early in the morning they pay reverence toward that direction. In the
land of the lord of humans the people respect the southern direction. Such
is the general condition of the different customs and modes of living in the
diverse countries. As regards the etiquette observed between a monarch and
his subjects and that between the superior and the inferior, and the cultural
14
869c
Fascicle I
institutions and political systems, the land of the lord of humans excels all
the other countries; as to instructions concerning the purification of the mind
and liberation from worldly burdens, as well as teachings to relieve one from
birth and death, the best theories are in the country of the lord of elephants.
All these matters are recorded in classical works and imperial mandates and
are also heard from the local people. I have made a careful check about what
I saw and heard.
Though the Buddha was born in the West his Dharma has spread to the
East. In the course of translation mistakes may have crept into the texts, and
idioms may have been misapplied. When the words are wrong the meaning
is lost, and when a phrase is mistaken the doctrine becomes distorted. Hence
the saying, “It is necessary to use correct names.” What is valuable is the
absence of faults!
Human beings are of different dispositions, stubborn or pliable, and speak
different languages. This is caused by climatic conditions and by customary
usage. As to the varieties of physical features and natural products of the
land of the lord of humans, and the different customs and temperaments of
its people, they are recorded in detail in our national histories. As to the cus-
toms of the land of the lord of horses and the country of the lord of treasure,
they are fully described in historical records, and we can give a brief account
of them. But as to the country of the lord of elephants, it has never been
described accurately in our ancient literature. Some said that it was mostly
a hot and humid country, and others depicted its people as customarily fond
of kindness and compassion. These are mentioned in topographies, but no
detailed information can be found. As the Way is sometimes prevalent and
sometimes in hiding, do not human affairs also have changes of fortune?
Thus we may know that it is difficult to describe all those who predict the
right season to pledge allegiance and who come to submit to the benevolence
of the Emperor, or those who, passing one danger after another, seek admit-
tance at Yumen Pass bearing tribute of native rarities and bow before the
gate of the imperial palace. This is why in the intervals of my studies during
my long journey inquiring for truth I took notes on the conditions and customs
along the way.
Up to the Black Range, the customs of the Hu people are prevalent.
Although they live together with the Rong people in the same localities, they
15
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
are distinct tribes and their territories are demarcated. They are mostly abo-
rigines, living in walled cities, engaging in agriculture and rearing cattle.
They value wealth and property, and to despise kindness and righteousness
is their custom. They have no ceremony for marriage and no distinction
between the superior people and the inferior. The wife’s word is authoritative
and the husband occupies a low position. They cremate the bodies of the
dead and have no fixed period of mourning, but they scrape their faces, muti-
late their ears, cut off their hair, and rend their garments. They slaughter
domestic animals as sacrifices offered to the manes of the dead. On happy
occasions they put on white clothes, while at sorrowful events they are dressed
in black. This is a brief account of the common or similar customs of the
tribes; the different politics and various institutions of diverse countries will
be described separately as the occasion arises, and the manners and customs
of India will be narrated in the following
Record.
Going out of what was formerly the land of Gaochang, I started my journey
with the nearest country, called Agni (formerly known as Yanqi).
The country of Agni, which is more than six hundred
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