erudition and of shared interpretive assumptions the reader is able to bring to the
quotation.¹ “Fulfillment” for Matthew seems to operate at many levels,
embracing much more of the pattern of OT history and language than merely its
prophetic predictions. It is a matter of tracing lines of correspondence and
continuity in God’s dealings with his people, discerned in the incidental details
of the biblical text as well as in its grand design. Those who have studied the
interpretation of scripture among other Jews at the time, particularly at Qumran
and among the rabbis, recognize that they are on familiar ground in Matthew,
sometimes in the actual interpretive methods he employs, but also more widely
in the creative ways he goes about discovering patterns of fulfillment, ways
which modern exegetical scholarship often finds surprising and unpersuasive.
But Matthew was not writing for modern exegetical scholars, and we may safely
assume that at least some of his intended readers/hearers would have shared his
delight in searching for patterns of fulfillment not necessarily in what the
original authors of the OT texts had in mind but in what can be perceived in their
writings with Christian hindsight.
One feature of the formula-quotations (and, to a much lesser extent, of some of
Matthew’s other scriptural quotations and allusions) that has been the subject of
much scholarly interest has been the actual form of text which Matthew cites.
Often it does not correspond to the LXX text which is the basis of most of his
(and the other NT writers’) quotations. Sometimes it looks like an independent
rendering of the Hebrew, but often it does not correspond closely to any version
of the text now available to us. While it is always possible to postulate variant
Greek OT texts available to Matthew but since lost,²
the prevalence of this
textal “freedom” especially in the formula-quotations suggests that Matthew was
willing sometimes to modify the wording of the text in order to draw out more
clearly for his readers the sense in which he perceived it to have been fulfilled in
Jesus. One particular way in which the text was modified was by the
combination of two or more related OT texts into a single “quotation,” as for
instance in 2:6; 21:5 and most elaborately in the Zechariah/Jeremiah quotation in
27:9–10. For details of these and other textual variations see the commentary on
the individual quotations.
The distinctive features of these formula-quotations have led some scholars to