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CARDOZO LAW REVIEW
[Vol. 19:1
corporate "concept." (Restructuring is defined narrowly, however:
it extends only to dumping offending businesses, not to dumping
the officers and directors who bought the businesses in the first
place. "Hate the sin but love the sinner" is a theology as popular
with the Fortune 500 as it is with the Salvation Army.)
Investment managers are even more hyperkinetic: their be-
havior during trading hours makes whirling dervishes appear se-
dated by comparison. Indeed, the term "institutional investor" is
becoming one of those self-contradictions called an oxymoron,
comparable to "jumbo shrimp," "lady mudwrestler" and "inexpen-
sive lawyer."
Despite the enthusiasm for activity that has swept business
and financial America, we will stick with our 'til-death-do-us-part
policy. It's the only one with which Charlie and I are comfortable,
it produces decent results, and it lets our managers and those of
our investees run their businesses free of distractions.
Our stay-put behavior reflects our view that the stock market
serves as a relocation center at which money is moved from the
active to the patient. (With tongue only partly in check, I suggest
that recent events indicate that the much-maligned "idle rich" have
received a bad rap: They have maintained or increased their wealth
while many of the "energetic rich"-aggressive real estate opera-
tors, corporate acquirers, oil drillers, etc.-have seen their fortunes
disappear. )
We continually search for large businesses with understanda-
ble, enduring and mouth-watering economics that are run by able
and shareholder-oriented managements. This focus doesn't guar-
antee results: We both have to buy at a sensible price and get busi-
ness performance from our companies that validates our
assessment.
But this investment approach-searching for the
superstars-offers us our only chance for real success. Charlie and
I are simply not smart enough, considering the large sums we work
with, to get great results by adroitly buying and selling portions of
far-from-great businesses.
Nor do we think many others can
achieve long-term investment success by flitting from flower to
flower. Indeed, we believe that according the name "investors" to
institutions that trade actively is like calling someone who repeat-
edly engages in one-night stands a romantic.
If
my universe of business possibilities was limited, say, to pri-
vate companies in Omaha, I would, first, try to assess the long-term
1997]
THE ESSAYS OF WARREN BUFFETT
81
economic characteristics of each business; second, assess the qual-
ity of the people in charge of running it; and, third, try to buy into a
few of the best operations at a sensible price. I certainly would not
wish to own an equal part of every business in town. Why, then,
should Berkshire take a different tack when dealing with the larger
universe of public companies? And since finding great businesses
and outstanding managers is so difficult, why should we discard
proven products? (I was tempted to say "the real thing.") Our
motto is:
"If
at first you do succeed, quit trying."
John Maynard Keynes, whose brilliance as a practicing inves-
tor matched his brilliance in thought, wrote a letter to a business
associate, F.e. Scott, on August 15, 1934 that says it all: "As time
goes on, 1 get more and more convinced that the right method in
investment is to put fairly large sums into enterprises which one
thinks one knows something about and in the management of
which one thoroughly believes.
It
is a mistake to think that one
limits one's risk by spreading too much between enterprises about
which one knows little and has no reason for special confidence
.... One's knowledge and experience are definitely limited and
there are seldom more than two or three enterprises at any given
time in which 1 personally feel myself entitled to put
full
confidence. "
During 1987 the stock market was an area of much excitement
but little net movement: The Dow advanced 2.3
%
for the year.
You are aware, of course, of the roller coaster ride that produced
this minor change. Mr. Market was on a manic rampage until Oc-
tober and then experienced a sudden, massive seizure.
We have "professional" investors, those who manage many
billions, to thank for most of this turmoil. Instead of focusing on
what businesses will do in the years ahead, many prestigious money
managers now focus on what they expect other money managers to
do in the days ahead. For them, stocks are merely tokens in a
game, like the thimble and flatiron in Monopoly.
An extreme example of what their attitude leads to is "portfo-
lio insurance," a money-management strategy that many leading
investment advisors embraced in 1986-1987. This strategy-which
is simply an exotically-labeled version of the small speculator's
stop-loss order-dictates that ever-increasing portions of a stock
portfolio, or their index-future equivalents, be sold as prices de-
cline. The strategy says nothing else matters: A downtick of a
given magnitude automatically produces a huge sell order. Ac-
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