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100 Innovation from Finland English version

101 DISH DRYING CABINET
The TTS Institute (Work Efficiency Institute) rationalised the Finnish kitchen in the 1940s. The starting point was 
challenging: in city apartments the kitchen and the servant’s room were located in the darkest corner of the 
apartment, facing the yard, and the distance to the dining room was often long and complicated. In the 
countryside, cooking took place in the combined living room and kitchen in the midst of many other tasks, like 
living and sleeping. There was a lot of space, but no thought was given to the practicalities. Storage space was 
inadequate and scattered, and dishes were washed in metal washtubs. 
Rationalisation was based on studies concerning the time used for household work and how strenuousness it 
was. About half of household work was related to food management. Standing, stretching, bending and carrying 
were strenuous and time consuming. Maiju Gebhard (the founder of the TTS Home Economics Department in 
1943) estimated that a woman’s lifetime included 29,900 hours washing dishes, or 10 years of 8-hour working 
days, with no days off. 
Rationalising the kitchen made it possible to reduce food management time by as much as three hours a day. 


Maiju Gebhard and Maija Kokko compared the working time in an old, unplanned kitchen with the time spent 
carrying out the same tasks in the same kitchen after it had been planned and equipped with efficient furnishings 
and utensils. The location of storage space had also been improved. 
The first prerequisite for easing household work in the countryside was plumbing. A hot water supply was 
also important. As the dishwasher was a mere news topic from America at the time, Maiju Gebhard saw three 
ways of making dishwashing easier. The first was to make less dishes by using attractive cookware, in which 
the meal could also be served. 
Another way was to arrange dishwashing as practically as possible by making space for dirty dishes, using 
good washtubs and hot water, and washing from right to left. The third way was to skip drying the dishes. 
According to research done by the TTS, drying the dishes on a good drying rack saved 0.5
–2 hours working 
time daily. Towel laundry was reduced as well. 
To keep the tops of the lower cabinets for other uses, the racks were fixed on the wall. To protect the dishes 
from dust, walls were added around the racks. The dish drying cabinet had come into being. 
The first drying cabinet racks were made of wood, and it was the only piece of special kitchen furniture in 
many households. 
The Home Economics Department of the TTS developed models for kitchen furniture in the mid-1940s. 
American and Swedish studies as well as domestic experiments were used to formulate the dimensions. The 
TTS sold technical drawings as well as cabinets produced in its own workshop. 
Industrial production of kitchen cabinets started in 1948. Enso-
Gutzeit’s Tornator factory was the first to 
produce Enso-cabinets based on the TTS research. The cabinets had practical details such as wooden 
compartments for silverware and racks on the doors for saucepan lids. 
The dish drying cabinet is still common in Finnish kitchens, even though dishwashers have become common 
now as well. It is now used for drying e.g. saucepans, freezer containers, vases and wooden and silver utensils. 
At the beginning of the 1990s the TTS remodelled the dish drying cabinet, based on user research. The rack 
was given a finer grid to keep small items from falling through, detergents and brushes got their own space, light 
plastic items such as baby feed bottles got a rack on the door, and a special basket for bottles was added. The 
lowest rack was for larger, heavier items, and the plate rack was located higher up. 
Pirkko Kasanen 
– Ph.D., former research director, TTS Institute 

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