The connection of S. with other branches of S. 1

Stylistic Use Of Phraseology (Galperin)
All the blocks, larger than a w-d, but functioning as one, may be called phraseological units. The main features of PhU are:

• 
  the m-ng of a PhU is not equal to the stem of its components’ m-ngs, but result of their interaction
  
• 
  stability and ready-made ch-re
  

Phraseology is an important means of intensifying the m-ng
Ex. the grass root – простые люди, calf love – первая любовь.
1)A Cliche – an expression that has become hackneyed and trite: rosy dreams of youth, the full flush
2) Proverbs and sayings –brief statements showing in condensed form the accumulated life experience of peopleand serving as a conventional practical symbols for abstract ideas: Early to bed and early to rise
3) Epigrams – akin to a proverb, the only dif-ce is that we know the author: A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
4) Qoutations – a phrase taken from the book, speech...
5)Allusion – an indirect reference by word or phrase to some fact
Ph. Includes set-expressions, proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations, cliches, allusions...
Some of the phr-ms are elevated (“The sward of Domocleous”), some are colloquial (to be in one’s cups = to be drunk; small fry)
Among elevated phras-ms there are:

• 
  archaic (to play upon advantage)
  
• 
  bookish (the knight of the quill – рыцарь пера)
  
• 
  foreign phrases (mot just [meu dju:st] – the exact w-d)
  
• 
  colloquial phrases (alive and kicking – safe and sound, a pretty kettle of fish)
  
• 
  slang phrases (to be nuts about smth., to shoot one’s grandmother = to say some common thing, to keep in the pin = to obstain from drinking, to hop the twip = to die)
  

Phras-ms have emotional quality in themselves. They are emphatic and imaginative. They are often rhythmical, alliterated and sometimes rhymed. They include similes, repetitions, synonyms and quotations (as cool as a cucumber – simile + alliteration)
The styl. functions of phras-ms are manyfold. Besides intensifying the m-ng, they may be used for speech char-n. Sometimes they may be used for titles and epigraphs (“The Apple Cart” – наделать хлопоты; “In Chancery”).
Especially in this respect are familiar quotations (“крылатые выражения”). There was a tendency in the 20^th c. in Am. and Eng. lit-re to use quotations and allusions for titlies so much, that the member of non-allusive titles is forever than phraseological ones.
The use of phras-ms helps to disclose the message, the idea; it gives the key to the understanding of the novel, it creates polydimensional perception of the text. We coorelate texts, the pretext and see one text through the other one (“The Brave New World” from “The Templest” by Shakespeare).
The specific feature of the use of phras-ms is the deliberate transposition decomposition, violition of it.
There are dif. types of decomposition of phraseologisms:
a) substitution of one elment for another, often antonimous to the first
Ex. While there’s life, there’s hope→ While there’s death, there’s hope
b) extansion or pholongoteon of phras-ms
Ex. Poverty is not a sin – but a great deal worse
c) reduction of a phras-m, especially in speech
Ex. Birds of a father fly together
d)accumulation of dif. phras-al expressions
Ex. A slth in me gathers no moss
e) splitting of a phras-m, when some allien parts are inserted into it
Ex. A thing of beaty you are not but, perhaps, you are a joy forever
In all these cases the effect is achieved by the realization of the literal m-ngs of its components set against the background of the phras-al m-ng (double actualization)
Ex. “God knows! She’s always saying smth! But he knew better than God. (“In
Chancery” - p.236)
Too good to be true → Too true to be good (B.Show)
Sometimes one and the same phras-al expression may undergo dif. transformations
Ex. Take care of the pence. And the pounds will take care of themselves.
Take care of the sense. And the sounds will take care of themselves (Lewis Carol)
Take care of the minutes. And the hours will take care of themselves.
Decomposing of phras-ms provide basis for creating paradoxes. Paradox – is a statement, which though appears to be self-contrudiction, nevertheless involves truth or at least an element of it (Ex. O.Wild)