The connection of S. with other branches of S. 1

Functions:
- helps to render additional m-ng
- renders special shades of m-ng, exploits semantic changes in the repeated w-ds
- presents basis for paradoxes
- is often used in titles (“The Poetry Of Grammar And the Grammar Of Poetry”)


5) The SEM based on the pecularities of connection and connectives:


Detachment – is a stylistic device, consisting in separating the secondary part from the w-d, to which it refers (logically and gram-ly)
Ex. He went away, misarable.
Secondary parts of the s-ce, generally attributes, adverbials and oppsitions, may be used in isolation, which is marked off graphically by comma, dashes or brackets.
Detached oppsition gives particulars to the general m-ng of the object and attaches special importance to the isolated w-ds
Ex. Detached attribute: The church was a new building – small, cold, dark.
Detached AM: Then we could get married at home – properly (G.Green)
The isolated part often becomes an additional rheme and b/w it and the w-d, it modifies a new relation – the relation of additional predication appears.
Functions:
- breakes the monotony of the nar-n
- gives the greter prominance to the isolated parts
- conveys the emotional attitude and a special melody


Parcellation – is the breaking off of the synt. relations b/w a w-d or a phrase a s-ce. A part of a s-ce is completely isolatedand thus, accentuated. It’s expressed graphically with a full stop. Ex. I have to beg you for money. Daily!
As a result of P., the narration acquires colloquial ch-re. It’s a typical feature of the 1^st-person narration from the char-cal point of view. Any 2^nd part may be parcelated.
Functions:
- create emphasis accentuation of the most important
- gives an immitation of natural life speech
- gives a specific melody tone to the narration
- makes the nar-n compact and dynamic (She went down the steps. Paused. Stopped...)
- when the parcelated phrases have weak or no semantic connections with the
s-ce, the effect may be ironic, comical.


Coordination insted of subordination: conj-ns ‘and’, ‘but’ instead of ‘when’, ‘because’, ‘since’. The semantic relations b/w the two neighbouring s-ces may be expressed in 3 types:
- subordination
- coordination
- asyndetic connection
Coordination and asyndeton are typical for oral speech.
Ex. He came the 2^nd time and saw Danny in the same state nearly senseless (coord-n)
Usually immidiacy, colloquial ch-re, subjective attitude, energy and dynamism are contributed by it. That’s why it’s usually used in the 1^st-person narration.
Gap – s-ce link (Galperin) – the connection of two seemingly ugly unconnected s-ces b/w which there’s a semantis gap (connected with the conjunctions “and” and “but”)
Ex. She and that fellow ought to be the sufferers, and the were in Italy
Function: displays an unexpected coupling of ideas
6)Syntactical structures with some change:


Rhetorical questions present statements in the form of questions. They don’t require any answers, but contain them in themselves
Ex. Do you call this music?
It’s a common device in oratory (Brutan’s and Mark Antonious’s speeches). It’s not an unfrequent device in informal dialogues.
RQ are sometimes called gram. metaphors, because there is an interplay of two structural m-ngs: that of the question and that of the statement (affirmative or negative). Both are realized semaltaniously. There are various things expressed by RQ: from admiration to disguast.
In lit-re, RQ serve dif. purposes, f.ex. emphatical, emotional; sometimes, satyrical or ironic. The form of RQ is often negative.
Functions:
- creates irony
- conveys emotional colouring


Quasi-negative statements.

a)sometimes negative m-ng may be expressed by the use of affirmative s-ces and

phrases containing no negative forms. It’s usually in dialogues (colloquial speech)
Ex. - They’re supposed to find diamonds
- Diamonds – my food! (“Pigmaleon Show”)
b) the use of rhetoric q-ns with affirmative pr-te to imply negative m-ng.
Ex. Did I say a word about the money?
c)The use of isolated subordinate clauses of unreal comparison to create negation
without any negative forms
Ex. As if I ever stoopped thinking of her
d)quasy-neg. exclamatory rhetorative responses may imply negation or denial of the
previous statement.
Ex. I’ve explained, why I did that – Explained! Explained!
Quasi-imperative st-tes. The function of the imperative s-ces may be fullfilled by the use of nouns or noun-phrases (the context is very important here)
Ex. Tea. For two. Out here.
Quasi-interrogative st-tes. Interrogative m-ng may be rendered by a positive statement without the usual inverted word-oder. In this case the s-ce implies the speaker’s assurance of getting the answer he expects or his wish to make the intellocutor talk
Ex.That’s my name. There’s nothing the matter.
All the SEM comprising this group are based on the property of a l-ge unit to do more than one job – to be polyfunctional. Synt. forms are transposed into a sphere, which is not usual for them. They fullfill an uncommon function. It brings about expressiveness and rendering dif. shades of m-ng

PHRASEOLOGY