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The l.char-cs:
1. bravity of expression
2. 1st person sing. “I”
3. the expanded use of connectives
4. emotive voc-ry
5. similes and metaphors – sustained (развернут.) and original
6. paradoxes, epigraphs, aphorisms (epigraph – statement, which is very original and wetty)
Journalistic article is char-zed:
1. bookish and rare w-ds
2. neologisms
3. traditional w-d-combinations
4. complex syntax, including paranthesis and non-finats.
Newspaper S. dates back from the 17th c. It gives inf-n and evaluates the facts.
It includes:
1. brief news items
2. press reports/parliamentary, court
3. articles
4. advertisments and announcements
5. editorials
Main features:
special political and economic terms (gross-out-food, by elevation)
non-terminological political voc-ry (public, progressive opinion)
new paper cliches (vital issue, war histeria)
abbriviations (EEC – European Economic Community)
neologisms (splash-down – приводнение кораблей)
complex s-ces with the developed system of clauses
syntactical complexes with complex subjects
attributive noun-groups (income and expandative figures)
a special w-order (5 wh-questions: who, what, why, how, when)
Advertisments, Announcements and Editorials – elliptucal pattern, neutral and emotional voc-ry, plag on w-s, abbriviations, allusions.
Aim – to influense the reader by interpreting things. They appeal not only to the mind but to the feelings of the reader. They use emotionally coloured l. alongside political w-ds and even slang and profesionalisms.
Colloquial Styles are subdivided into: Literary CS and Familiar CS.
Literary CS is reserved, polite, spoken by educated people used in more or less formal situations.
It’s char-sed by:
1. polite convers-al forms (my pleasure, nice to see you)
2. the majority of w-ds are neutral
3. it doesn’t contain slang vulgurisms or dialectisms
4. contracted forms, ellipses (You know him)
5. synt-ly correct sent-ces, abbreviations, socially accepted (fridge, ice, CD)
6. prevelence of active and finate w-ds, verb-forms
7. extensive use of intensifiers and gap-fillers (so to speak, I mean, actually, etc)
8. the use of interjections (Why? Hey God!)
9. phasal verbs, verb/adv. combinations (to let smb down, to stand smb up)
10. idioms and set-phrases
Familiar CS is used in intimate convers-s; it’s expressive, emotional and is char-zed by:
1. the use of vulgar/semi-vulgar w-ds (“damn”, “lausy” – вшивый)
2. rich use of interjections (hi, cool, bab)
3. col-l way of calling people (chap, old man, duets, kid – чувак)
4. the use of demunitive suffixes (“sweety pie - )
5. tautology (our dean, he’s a wonderful person)
6. slang and low-col-l w-ds (crade-snatcher – старый ч-к, гоняющийся за девочками, to chew the fat – жевать жир, to play hockey – прогуливать уроки, to pull an all-nighter – учить всю ночь)
7. the use of onomotopoetic w-ds (oops, gum, wow, whosh, yoke)
8. the use of nonce-w-ds (hankie-powkie – обман, проделки; halter-scalter – суматоха, беспорядок; ockey-dockey – O’K)
9. casual or careless pronunciation (gonna, whatch, would ya)
Lex. Pecularities of CS:
1. the use of ready-made lex.formulars of everyday, usage in FC they’re emotional and categorical, in LC they’re polite (LC: “Right you are”. “I’m afraid you are wrong”
FC: “Sure”. “Hell know”. “No fucking way”)
2. the use of intensifiers, which are employed accord to dif.standards, norms of com-n (FC: stone dead, dead tired, dead slow, stuck mad; LC: mad, cool, wrong, you’re dead)
3. the use of emotional w-ds
4. the use of empty w-ds
5. the use of some w-ds in dif.m-ngs, which may not possess (“some” in the m-ng of “good”: some game = good game)
6. tautological substitution of names and personal pr-ns by other names (Johny-boy, you-baby)
Gram.features of CS:
1. ellipsis – the norm of CS
2. exclamatory, interrogative, abrobed, disconnected s-ces
3. asyndeton
4. pr-ns, which are employed dif-ly (“me” instead of “he”, “I” instead of “me”)
5. echo-questions, rhetorative responces
FORMAL: scientific (exact scientific, ...), poetic, business (military, commercial, legal, diplomatic), public, oratory; INFORMAL: literary col-l, familiar col-l
6) The problem of Literary S. is one of the mood problems in the theory of FS. Some scientists don’t consider it equire to the other FS, they say that it’s a cat-ry of dif.level. The reasons for such point of view:
- l. is the reflection of other life (a mirror of our life), it reduces our life with its dif.styles and types of speech, both written and oral/formal and informal.
- every writer has his own manner of writing, every trand and gganre has its own pecularities; its too complicated to be a unified style.
This point of view is supported by St.Petersburg scholars (Arnold, petrovskii and others). Some Moscow scientists (Juri Stepanov) and other linguists consider it of equal importance with other FS and is regarded as one of the formal S. (Galperin and others).
Galperin speaks about the following types of LS:
emotive prose
drama
poetry
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