The bukharan emirate and turkestan under russian rule in the revolutionary era: 1917-1924

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. iii
ÖZET.......................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................. …………………v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ ...vi 
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...…......................................................................... 1 
1.1. The Ancient and Early History of Bukhara and Samarkand…………...3 
1.2. Ethnicity…….............................................................................................8 
1.3. The Derivation of Bukhara and Samarkand’s Religious Importance and
Holiness in the Muslim World………............................................................14 
1.4. Religiosity in Bukhara….........................................................................16 
1.5. The Reasons of Russian Conquest...........................................................22 
CHAPTER 2: RUSSIAN INTERVENTION AND BIRTH OF 
JADIDISM…..................................................................... .......................................29 
2.1. Early Russian Expansion and Campaigns................................................29 
2.2. The Great Game on Turkestan: The Early Relations among Russian 
Empire, Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Bukharan Emirate..................31 
2.3. The Russian Conquests............................................................................33

---

vii 
2.4. The Improving Relations between the Emir and Tsarist Russia..............36 
2.5. Capital Penetration in Bukhara................................................................40 
2.6. National Awakening and Jadidism.......................………..…………….46 
2.6.1. Jadidism in Bukhara.........................................……………………….46 
2.6.2. The Reasons of Emergence of Jadidism..............................……..…..50 
2.6.3. The Jadids and Russian Educated Intellectuals....................................52 
2.6.4. Birth and Increase of National Awakening...........................................54 
2.7. Emir Alim Khan (Pro-Modernist but Anti-Reformist Character)………57 
CHAPTER 3: REVOLUTIONARY ERA……………….…………………………60 
3.1. Pre-Revolutionary Era…………….…………………………………….61 
3.2. Other Main Muslim Operating Forces in Russia-wide…………………63 
3.2.1. Alash Orda Autonomous Government……………..…………………63 
3.2.2. Kokand Autonomous Government……………..……..……………...66 
3.2.3. Bashkurd Autonomous Government………….………………………68 
3.2.4. The Khivan Khanate………………….…….…..…………………….70 
3.3. February Revolution Era….…………….…….…..…………………….71 
3.4. October Revolution Era…………..…….…..…………………………..76 
3.5. The Right of Self Determination and Struggle of Classes in Turkistan...83 
3.5.1. The Right of Self Determination…….…..…………….…………….83 

---

viii 
3.5.2. The Struggle of Classes….…..…………….…………………………85 
CHAPTER 4: BASMACHI MOVEMENT AND REORGANIZATION OF 
CENTRAL ASIA...…………….……………………….………………….……….89 
4.1. Basmachi Movement in Central Asia…….………….…………………90
4.2. Arrival of Turkish Officials to the Region.………….……………..…..96 
4.2.1. Arrival of Jemal….………….………………………….…………….96 
4.2.2. Arrival of Enver…….……………………………….………………97 
4.3. The Basmachis after Enver………………..………………….………102 
4.4. The New Regime in Bukhara after the Fall of Monarchy…….……....105 
4.5. On the Way of Disbandment of the People’s Republics………….…..110 
4.6. Reorganization of Central Asia and Sovietization Policies in the 
Region…………………………………………………………….………..112 
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION..………………….………………………………..124 
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……...………………….…………………...………..129 
APPENDIX A…...………………….…………………...…………………………132 
APPENDIX B……………….…………………...……………….……………….138 
APPENDIX C……….…………………...……………….……………….……….140 
APPENDIX D……...…………………...……………….…………………………142 
APPENDIX E…….…………………...……………….……………….………….147 

---

1