Propadeumata, which are talismans described as celestial ‘seals whose
characters are imprinted differently by reason of differences in elemen-
tal matter’.
208
However, as the Gamaaeas belong to celestial wisdom they
are inferior to the Monad which is based on supercelestial principles.
170
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
Moreover, as argued earlier in the case of Pico, the transformative effects
of the contemplation of symbols, numbers or alphabets cannot be cat-
egorized as magic. In the Conclusions Pico states: ‘just as through the
influence of the first agent, if that influence is individual and immedi-
ate, something is achieved that is not attained through the mediation
of causes, so through a work of Kabbalah, if it is the pure and immedi-
ate Kabbalah, something is achieved to which no magic can attain’.
209
Magic relies on understanding and manipulating causes to achieve nat-
ural and astral effects. The Monad and Kabbalah require a superior
method of acquiring knowledge, one that engages the intellect whereas
astral/natural magic engages reason and the senses to know how to
achieve effects from celestial causes. Reason is inferior to the intellect
which is the faculty that receives divine light independent from causal
knowledge.
Investigating the Propaedeumata, the Preface and the Monas, demon-
strates an intellectual development in Dee’s thought. The Propaedeumata
is a formulation of an astrological theory traditional and Aristotelian in
essence which was obtained from the Arabic and Latin medieval sources
based on notions of astral causation. In Abu Ma‘shar and al-Kindi, Dee
found an aetiological demonstration of the powers of the celestial bod-
ies and the ‘rationale’ behind their impact on nature and human life. In
Roger Bacon, he found the inspiration to create a ‘canon’ of quantified
astral influences that showcases astrology and magic as part of natural
philosophy. Having been accused of being a conjuror, demonstrating
the legitimacy of astrology and magic is essential. Dee responds in his
Preface: ‘and for these, and such like marvellous acts and feats, natu-
rally, mathematically, and mechanically wrought and contrived: ought
any honest student, and modest Christian philosopher, be counted and
called a conjurer?’
210
He counts himself among those pushed to pro-
vide a defence of their innocent practices like Pico; ‘I am worthy to
be compared: and yet, they sustained the very like injuries, that I do:
or rather, greater. Patient Socrates, his Apologie will testify, Apulius his
Apologies, will declare the brutishness of the multitude. Ioannes Picus,
Earle of Mirandula, his Apologie will teach you, of the raging slander of
the malicious ignorant against him.’
211
In addition to the ‘naturalization’ of magic, legitimacy is given to
occult undertakings by demonstrating that they are founded upon a
mysticism that does not contradict the Christian faith but is motivated
by love for the divine. In the Monas the aetiological language recedes
and instead a highly symbolic discourse is introduced that is philosoph-
ically more akin to the Platonic Theology of Ficino and mystically related
The Magic and Astrology of John Dee
171
to the Kabbalah of Pico. The Preface outlines the levels of rational and
intellectual engagements scholars can pursue as they navigate through
mathematical science. Hence, all natural, celestial and mystical pursuits
have the potential to reap revelatory and mystical fruits since numbers
mediate between the mundane and the divine. John Dee’s innovative
syncretism and exploration of natural, celestial and supercelestial things
continued and further developed an early modern occult philosophy
that revolved around the sincere belief that there is wisdom in all faiths,
all epochs, and all ways of knowing.
8
Celestial Souls and Cosmic
Daemons
The theories of astral influences that buttress a licit natural magic
comprise ontological and epistemological dimensions. The proximate
celestial world mediates between the supercelestial realm – God, Intel-
lect and Soul – and the elementary world of becoming, generation and
corruption. Natural philosophy encompasses astral aetiology in its con-
cern with the properties and behaviour of generated things. Astrology
witnesses the cosmic efficient cause in action, interprets signs of this
activity – itself hidden (occult) yet demonstrable – and discovers and/or
predicts effects. Natural magic – inherently astral – reconfigures nat-
ural patterns or semiological arrangements, refracts the astral influxes
and achieves effects conditioned by understanding the causes that gave
natural things their magical potentiality. Can we, thus, compare the
workings of the universe to a machine operated by God? Can we liken
the mage to the pharmacist who merely extracts and combines elements
to exert a specific localized effect? This talk of causality, knowability
and the eventual seems to exclude psychology, inspiration and the
instantaneous. However, from Islamic natural philosophers, through the
twelfth-century cosmologists and thirteenth-century occult thinkers, to
their early modern counterparts, the universe is perceived as ‘a big-
ger man’, having a body with animating and moving principle – the
soul/s – coursing through it; vital agents too – like medical spirits –
carry out functions without which the organs become infarcted. The
Universal Soul is not a second god, and these agents are not demons;
they are immanent principles – beings manifesting divine plenitude
and profusion. Medieval and early modern occult philosophy admits
multi-agency coordinated according to difference in mode of action:
causal, spiritual or intellectual. And so Abu Ma‘shar, al-Kindi, Avicenna,
Albertus Magnus, Roger Bacon, Thomas Aquinas, Marsilio Ficino and
172
Celestial Souls and Cosmic Daemons
173
Pico della Mirandola speak of celestial souls; the authors of the Picatrix,
Theology of Aristotle and the Secret of Secrets speak of celestial ruhaniyyat
(pl. of ruh, spirits); and William of Conches, Bernard Silvestris, Hermann
of Carinthia and Ficino speak of d aemons. This chapter explores the
nature of these cosmic agents and their place and role in the the-
ories of astral influences found in the works of the aforementioned
authors, showing how astrology and astral magic accommodate them
while maintaining non-addressativity and legitimacy, distinguishing
these two practices from d emonic divination and magic.
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