Tertium Organum



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Tertium-Organum-by-P-D-Ouspensky

Werther 
according to the methods of exact positivist science. He weighs the book
measures it by the most precise instruments, notes down the number of pages, 
makes a chemical analysis of the paper and the printer's ink, counts the 
number of lines on each page, the number of letters and the number of 
punctuation marks and, finally, he calculates how many times the letter A is 
repeated in 
Werther,
how many times the letter B, how many times the 
question mark, and so on. In a word, he does all that pious Muslims used to 
do with the Koran of Mohammed. And, on the basis of his investigations he 
writes a treatise on the relation of the letter A of the German alphabet to 
suicides. 
Let us imagine another scientist who, studying the history of painting,
decides to put it on a scientific basis and undertakes a long series of analyses 
of the pigments used in famous paintings with the object of defining the 
causes of the different effects produced on us by different paintings. 
Let us imagine a savage, 'studying' a watch. Let us suppose that the savage
is intelligent and cunning. He has taken the watch to pieces and has counted 
all the wheels and screws, has counted the number of teeth on each wheel and 
knows the watch like the palm of his hand. The only thing he does not know 
is -
what it is for.
Nor does he know 


that the hand travels round the dial in twelve hours, i.e. that 
one can tell time by the 
watch. 
All this is 'positivism'. 
We are too accustomed to 'positivist' methods and fail to notice that they lead to 
absurdities and, if we seek 
the explanation of the meaning 
of something, they 
completely fail to achieve this. 
The truth is that for 
explaining the meaning 
positivism is no good. Nature is for it a 
closed book of which it only studies the outer aspect. In the matter of studying the 
action
of nature positivist methods go very far, as is proven by all the innumerable 
achievements of modern technical sciences, including aviation. But everything in the 
world has its definite sphere of action. Positivism is very good when it seeks an answer 
to the question 
how
something operates in given conditions. But when it attempts to go 
beyond its definite conditions (time, space and causation), or begins to assert that 
outside the given conditions nothing exists, it obviously trespasses on a sphere alien to 
it. 
It is true that more serious positivist thinkers deny all possibility of questions 'why' 
and 'wherefore' in 'positivist investigation'. Positivist philosophy regards the search for 
meaning 
and purpose as almost an absurdity. There is, of course, more truth in this, 
because teleology, 
from the positivist point of view,
is indeed an absurdity. But as a 
matter of fact the positivist point of view is not the only one possible. The usual 
mistake of positivism lies in the fact that it sees 
nothing but itself 
and either considers 
everything to be possible for it, or regards as generally impossible many things that are 
actually quite possible but 
not for
positivist study. 
However, mankind will never stop seeking answers to the questions 
why
and 
wherefore. 
In relation to nature a positivist scientist is almost in the same position as a savage in 
a library filled with valuable rare books. For a savage a book is a 
thing
of a certain size 
and weight. However long he may puzzle over the purpose of this strange thing, he will 
never understand it by its appearance, and 

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