incredibly vivid
sensation of the
difference
between factory chimneys and prison walls, a sensation that was
like a blow or an electric shock. I sensed the difference of
the very bricks.
And it seemed to me that A. had the same sensation.
Later, in a conversation with A. I recalled this episode, and he told me that
not only then, but
always
he had sensed this difference and was deeply
convinced of its reality. 'Only positivism is convinced that a stone is a stone
and nothing more,' he said. 'But any uneducated woman or a child knows
quite well that a stone from the wall of a church or a stone from the wall of a
prison are different things.'
Thus it seems to me that, in examining a given phenomenon in connection
with all the chains of consequences of which it is a link, we shall find that the
subjective sensation
of the differences between
two physically identical objects, which we often regard as mere poetic imagery, a
metaphor,
the reality of which we deny - is entirely real;
we shall see that these objects actually
are different,
as different as a candle and a coin
which look like identical circles (moving lines) in the two-dimensional world of plane
beings. We shall then see that objects identical as regards the material of which they
consist, but different as regards their functions, are
really different,
and that this
difference goes so deep that it even makes the seemingly identical material physically
different.
There are
DIFFERENT STONES
,
DIFFERENT IRON
,
DIFFERENT WOOD
,
DIFFERENT
PAPER
. No chemistry will ever detect this difference. Nevertheless it exists, and there
are people who feel and understand it.
The mast of a ship, a gallows, a cross at the cross-roads in the steppe may be made
of the same kind of wood, but in reality they are
different
objects made of
different
material.
That which we see, touch, investigate are only the 'circles on the plane' made
by the coin and the candle. They are nothing but the
shadows
of real things,
the essence
of which lies in their function.
The shadows of a sailor, a hangman and a saint may be
completely identical - it is impossible to distinguish them by their shadows just as it is
impossible to distinguish the wood of the mast, the gallows and the cross by chemical
analysis. Nevertheless they are different men and different objects - it is
only the
shadows
that are equal and alike.
And if we take men as we know them - the sailor, the hangman and the saint - men
who seem to us similar and
equal,
and examine them from the point of view of their
different functions, we shall see that, in actual fact, they are totally different and have
nothing whatever in common. They are different beings, belonging to different
categories, different planes of the world between which there are no bridges or ways of
communication. These men seem to us alike and equal because, in general, we see only
the shadows of real facts. In reality, the 'souls' of these men are totally different, and
different not in quality, not in magnitude, not in their 'age' as people prefer to put in
now, but different
in their very nature, their origin and the purpose of their existence
just as objects differ when they belong to completely different categories.
When we begin to understand this, the general concept
man
must undergo a great
change in us.
And this relation is repeated in the observation of all phenomena. A mast, a gallows
and a cross are things of such different categories, atoms of such different bodies
(which we know by their functions), that there can be no question of
any
similitude
between them. Our
misfortune is that we regard the chemical composition of a thing as its
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