V bo bg a oid m asalalarn in g ja v o b la ri
1. F = - N k T
S = Mcf In
3. F = -N k T
(. V ^ 3 . 2 тгтпкТ , , \ „ .
I
N
2
“ p
) ’ P
/ 2irm Y /2 5^
(/'V j 2 J
(ta
NkT
+ С In fcT Ф = NkTln
P
1
(
..y
^(27rm)3/2 J
CpTlnfcT.
8 TrfcVv
Nc3h3
}
p
-
5. C " = 2C“ . 6. dn =
9<Ш
Bu yerda d£2 - E, E + d£ energiya
exp
oralig'idagi kvant holatlari soni, д - kimyoviy potensial, g = 2s + 1 -
eirmV
statistik vazn, s - zarra spini. 9. dr^ (v)
d v , v < v m.
h-
Bu yerda
0, agar и > ura.
3 л
T
3
vm
-
J—
, E - 0 К dagi Fermi energiyasi.
10.
v ~ -i?
, v‘
- - v 2
m,
1
>71
^
5
£ (f ]]■ * -^[‘4 (1 j } * - i ”^ > 4 (1 j]-
12. E = ^Ne,
£ - 0,65. ,1. Ф = Л®, [ l - ^ S j ] , Г - l NEr [ l - £ ( f j ] .
13
5
tt
/ fcT
12 I £,
. 16. Ct ш.
17. Го = 0 , < ш £ ( - М
2£f
0
km\(2s+l)V)
1& N " = N - N ' = N |l-
)3/2 j. 1ft 5 = \ a T 3'2, P = ~ T 5/2, F = - ^ aT 5/2,
Ф = 0. 20. VT3/2 = const yoki pV*/3 = const. 21. p =
.
22. pV = JVJcT
, bu yerda « + » fermionlarga, « - »
I
2gV \mJcT /
J
bozonlarga tegishli, g = 2s + 1, s - zarra spini.
23. E - m , + W i £ f i . e x p ( - f ) [ l + a ex p ( - § ) ] “ ,
C' ' " m ( s ) ’ | ex',( - ^ ) [ 1 + S 'exp( - ^ ) ] '
24. E = N
386
26 .F = ^
+
5 = ^ [ e x p ( | . ) - l J - N k ln | \ - e x p (- | - )j.
27' £ = ^ r exp( - ^ ) ’ Cv = 12Arfc( r ) 2 « Ц - т Н -
28. 2S- = 9exp(~ — ). 30. ATm = 0,3668.31. = F + pV = 0.
Nn
\
T J
32. E =
= ^ ± T 4,
cv
= H ^ T 3, bu yerda 0 =
-
5c h
503
________ 50
k
Debay temperaturasi. 33. T = I
— = 5, bu yerda £max = “
^
j
\
^mox
35. P = Np0L ^ ^ j , L(a;) = x - i -Lanjevenfunksiyasi36.
e
= 1 +
^
.
W fc T ln [l-e x p (-| -)],
37. e = 1 + 4тгп| аз + Po
3 кТ У
V I b o b g a oid m asalalarn in g ja v o b la ri
2n2
_
TV
ту)
3. Ф = Ф1Н
н----- (bRT - a ), bu yerda n = — = ------ - modda miqdori.
V
N0
Mmo\
4. 5 =
™ “ - rsoni-
7. £ = £id
F = Fid + i - ( b R T - a). 8. Epl = Eid ~ ^ 3^
,
E „ - C y + E a.
9. F„ =
F
„
= S«
_ AffcT
1 JVe3 [
m
7 , r .
_ , r .
1 Ne3 Г
Ppi
~
3 ~ \ k r v ’ ( v,pl
{ y,ld
2 ~ Т ~ Ь
I 8nN
l3kTV
10. KD = 1
kT‘ Ti
4яп„е2 (Te+ % )
V I I bo b g a oid m asalalarn in g ja v o b la ri
1. (AV)2 = ^^1(1^1 -2. (AT)2 =
T0 - termostat temperaturasi.
4. ATAp = -т г~ (т ") • 5. AVAp = -fc T , ASAT = k T , ASAУ = кт(— ) .
Су \oT /у
\ЭТ /р
387
6. (ДА)2 = к2Т 2Ср - kTV2 (|^) . 8. (ДЕ)2 = в2
= kT2Cv ■
\aV J$
\ов /у
= /НЕ
V
3tt4N'
o . s . - Щ
_ 5 [ 7 к3/2Т
, . 5 Л2 ( kT t
12 U J
. 10. <5
е
“ •<“ >■- g - b '( I N ’
4-Jf, 4 - М .
I X bo b g a oid m asalalarn in g ja v o b la ri
1. Д = -J(Ax)2 =
J E E
. 3. N a = - R-Tt—
\3rjT0
3jt7j(At)2
n (x 2) expl
f U U a ) ]
kT
|~n(x,)exp|
r u (x 1)'|
kT
J exp
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
1. Левин В Т . Курс теоретической физики. Том I. - М., Наука, 1969.
2. Левин В.Г., Вдовин Ю.А., Мямлип В А . Курс теоритеческой физики. Том II.
- М., Наука, 1971.
3. Ландау Л.Д., Лифшиу Е.М. Статистическая физика. Учеб. пособие. -
М., Наука, 1976.
4. Базаров И.П. Термодинамика. - М., Высш. школа, 1991.
5. Рум ер Ю .Б., Ры вкин М.С. Термодинамика, статическая физика и
кинетика. Учеб. пособие. - М., Наука, 1976.
6. Boydedayev A. Nomuvozanatli statistik fizika asoslari. O 'quv qo'llanma. - Т.,
O’qituvchi, 1992.
7. Boydadayev A. Klassik statistik fizika. O'quv qo'llanma. - Т., O'zbekiston, 2003.
8. Терлецкий Я.П. Статистическая физика. - М., Высш. школа, 1973.
9. Кубо P. Termodinamika. - М., Mir, 1970.
10. Исихара А. Статистическая физика. - М., Mir, 1973.
11 .Китптпелъ Ч. Статистическая термодинамика. - М., Наука, 1977.
12. Корнелл Э.А., Виман К.Э. Бозе-Эйштеновская конденсация в разре
женном газе. Первые 70 лет и несколько последних экспериментов.
(Нобелевские лекции по физике - 2001), У Ф Н , 173, № 12, 1320 (2003).
13. Кеттерле В. Когда атомы ведут себя как волны. Бозе-эйштеновская
конденсация и атомный лазер (Нобелевские лекции по физике - 2001),
У Ф Н , 173, № 12, 1340 (2003).
14. Гречко А.Г., Сучаков В.И., Томашевич О.Ф., Федорченко А.М . Сборник
задач по теоретической физике. - М., Просвещение, 1979.
15. Серова Ф.Г., Янкина А.А. Сборник задач по теоретической физике. - М.
Просвещение, 1979.
16. Mamatqulov R., Tursunov А.А., Mamatqulov B.R. Termodinamika, statistik
fizika va kinetika bo'yicha masalalar to'plami. - Т., O'zbekiston, 2003.
388
MUNDARIJA
SC VZBO SH I........................................................................................................................з
K IR I S H ............... ............................................................................................................... 6
/ bob. S T A T IS T IK F IZ IK A N IN G A S O S IY T A S A V V U R L A R I — .......................... 8
1.1. Statistik fizika vazifalari----------------------------------.---------------- -.............. -.... 8
1.2. Fazalar fazosi---------------------------------------------------------- --------- -------- -.......9
1.3. Liu vill teorem asi........................... - .............. ................................................... 14
1.4. Statistik taqsim ot------------------- — ..... .............................. .............................. 15
1.5. I bobga oid masala va savollar................................ ....................................... 19
I I bob. S T A T IS T IK M E X A N IK A N IN G U M U M IY M E T O D L A R I..........................23
2.1. Gibbsning mikro va kichik kanonik taqsim otlari....................................... ..23
2.2. Gibbs kvaziklassik va klassik taqsim otlari........ ........................................... ..27
2.3. Maksvell va M aksvell-Bolsm an taqsim otlari.............................................. ..30
2.4. M aksvell taqsim oti_______________ _____ -..................... .......... ........................ 31
2.5. Bolsman taqsim oti........................................................................................... 34
2.6. II bobga oid masala va savollar................................................................... - 37
I I I bob. S T A T IS T IK V A F E N O M E N O L O G IK T E R M O D IN A M IK A ............... —...42
3.1. K ir is h .................................................................................................................
42
3.2. Term odinam ikada asosiy tushunchalar------------------------------------- -----
44
3.3. Holatning termik va kalorik tenglam alari----- -----------------------------------
52
3.4. Term odinam ikaning birinchi qonun i...........................................................
55
3.5. Termodinamika birinchi qonunining suyuqliklaming statsionar oqimiga
ta tb ig 'i..........................................................................
59
3.6. K vazistatik jarayonda sistema ichki energiyasining o‘zgarish i............ .
62
3.7. Term odinam ikada issiqlik sig'im i tushunchasi......... ................................... 65
3.8. Asosiy termodinam ik jarayonlar va ularning ten g lam alari....................
68
3.9. Term odinam ikaning ikkinchi qo n u n i...........................................................
69
3.10. Entropiya. Term odinam ikaning asosiy tenglam asi--------------------------- 71
3.11. Entropiyaning o ‘sish qonu n i----------------------------------- ---------------------- 73
3.12. Qaytuvchi va qaytmas jarayonlar uchun termodinamikaning asosiy
te n g la m a s i......... .................. — :..... .......... -.......-........... .............................. 76
3.13. Karno sikli va Karno teorem asi................................................................. 77
3.14. Entropiyani fenom enologik aniqlash----------------------------------------- ---- 80
3.15. Nomuvozanat jarayonlar uchun termodinamika ikkinchi qonunining asosiy
te n g la m a s i......................... ............................................................................. 84
3.16. Holatning termik va kalorik tenglamalari orasidagi bog'lanish............ 85
3.17. Bolsman prinsipi______________________ ___________________________________ 88
3.18. Term odinamika ikkinchi qonunini tatbiq qilish chegarasi_____________ 89
3.19. Term odinam ikaning uchinchi qonuni. N ernst issiqlik teorem a si------- 91
3.20. Term odinam ik m e to d la r .............................................................................. 93
3.21. Ideal gaz uchun termodinamik potensiallar............................... ............. 97
3.22. M urakkab sistemalar termodinamik potensiallari---------- ---------- ------- 98
3.23. G ibbs-G elm gols tenglam alari — ..................... _..........................................
99
3.24. Qaytmas va qaytuvchi adiabatik kengayishda gazlarning sovishi....... 101
3.25. M agnetiklar va dielektriklar termodinam ikasi............. ...... .................... 105
3.26. M agnit va yadro sovitish m etodlari........................... ................. ... ........ 108
3.27. Termodinamik kattaliklarni statistik fizika metodi bo'yicha hisoblash — 109
3.28. I l l bobga oid masala va savollar--------- ---------------------------- ------------ 110
389
I V bob. Z A R R A L A R SO N I O 'Z G A R U V C H A N S IS T E M A L A R
F A Z A 0 ‘T IS H L A R ........................................................................................ 118
4.1. Zarralar soni o'zgaruvchan sistema termodinamik potensiallari--------
118
4.2. Gibbsning katta kanonik taqsimoti........... .......... -...................... ...............
121
4.3. Holat kattaliklari__ _____ ________________________________ ________ ________ 125
4.4. Nurlanish term odinam ikasi.........................................................................
127
4.5. Term odinam ik sistemalarning muvozanati va barqarorlik shartlari.—
134
4.6. Gom ogen sistemaning m uvozan ati------- ------- ----- -------- -------------------
136
4.7. G eterogen sistemalarda m uvozanat s h a rti................................... ...........
138
4.8. Gibbsning fazalar qoidasi. Uchlamchi n u qta........................... ................. 140
4.9. Sirt hodisalar term odinam ikasi---------------- -----------— --- ------------------
142
4.10. Faza o'tishlar. Birinchi xil faza o‘tishlar — .............................. ................144
4.11. Ikkinchi xil faza o'tishlar. Erenfest tenglam alari------------- ----- —........ ..150
4.12. O'ta o'tkazuvchanlik holatda faza o'tish. Rutgers form ulasi..................154
4.13. Faza o'tishlar Landau va Y a n g -L i nazariyalari................... ....................155
4.14. IV bobga oid masala va savollar— .................................... ........................162
V bob. ID E A L S IS T E M A L A R N IN G S T A T IS T IK N A Z A R I Y A S I --------------------167
5.1. Bir atomli kvant ideal g a zla r..................................................... .................167
5.2. Term odinam ik kattaliklarni hisoblash............................................... .......169
5.3. Maksvell va M aksvell-Bolsm an taqsimotlarining Gibbs taqsimoti
ko'rinishida yozilishi..... .........-...................... ............................-
171
5.4. B oze-E yn shteyn va F erm i-D ira k taqsim otlari........... ............................174
5.5. Absolut nol tem peraturalarda F e r m i-g a z — ................... -...... ....... ..... ...177
5.6. Metallarda elektron gaz. Issiqlik sig 'im i-------------------- ----- ---------------181
5.7. Ferm i-D irak taqsimoti ta tb ig 'i........ .............. ........... ...... ......................... ..184
5.8. Past tem peraturalarda Boze-gaz. B oze-E yn sh teyn kondensatsiyasi.. 185
5.9. Boze-gaz va Ferm i-gaz holat tenglam alari— ........................ ................ ..188
5.10. B oze-E yn sh teyn kondensatsiyasi------------------------------ ---- -------------- 191
5.11. M uvozanatli nurlanish. Plank form ulasi.......... .......... ...............................194
5.12. Foton gazi statistikasi— ................. ............................................... ..............197
5.13. Qattiq jism lar issiqlik sig'imi. Eynshteyn nazariyasi............... .................199
5.14. Debay nazariyasi---------------------------------------------- — .......................... ..201
5.15. Kristall panjara holat funksiyasi................................. ......... ........ .......... ..204
5.16. K o'p atomli molekulalardan tashkil topgan ideal gazlar issiqlik
sig'im ining klassik nazariyasi...................................................
207
5.17. Erkinlik darajalari bo'yicha kinetik energiyaning teng taqsimot
teoremasi. V irial te o re m a
211
5.18. Ikki kvant holatli sistema issiqlik s ig'im i..................................................215
5.19. Ikkita atomli kvant ideal g a z ......................................................................217
5.20. Tebranma harakatning issiqlik sig'im iga qo'shgan hissasi....... ............219
5.21. Aylanm a harakatning gaz issiqlik sig'im igaqo'shgan hissasi............... .221
5.22. Ideal sistemalarning magnit va elektr xususiyatlari-------- -------------- -225
5.23. Absolut m anfiy tem peratura.............. .................... — -------- ---------------- 227
5.24. V bobga oid masala va savollar...... ...................... .................. -.................231
V I bob. N O ID E A L S IS T E M A L A R S T A T IS T IK N A Z A R IY A S I-----------------------238
6.1. Noideal klassik bir atomli gaz. Holat funksiyasi................. ..................... .238
6.2. Noideal gaz holat tenglam asi...................................................................... .242
6.3. Bir atomli noideal gaz termodinamik kattaliklarini hisoblash------------ -246
6.4. Juft korrelyatsion funksiyalar metodi. Bogolyubovning zanjir tenglamasi .... 248
6.5. Katta zichlikdagi sistema holat tenglamasi va energiyasi ............ ....... .254
6.6. Plazma. Plazma holat tenglam asi..................................................... .......... .256
6.7. V I bobga oid masala va savollar................................................................. .260
390
V I I bob. F L U K T U A T S IY A N A Z A R IY A S I-- ------------------ ---------------- -------------264
7.1. Fluktuatsiyaning termodinamik nazariyasi______________ ___________ — 264
7.2. Bir jinsli sistemalarda termodinamik kattaliklar fluktuatsiyasi...............268
7.3. Bajarilgan ish fluktuatsiyasi------------------------------- ----------------------— 274
7.4. Fluktuatsiyaning statistik nazariyasi.....................................................— 276
7.5. Zichlik fluktuatsiyasining korrelatsiyasi_______________________ ____ — .....278
7.6. Foton gazida fiu ktu atsiya--------------------------------------- ------------- ------- -280
7.7. K van t gazlarda fiuktuatsiya------------------- ---------------- ------- -------------- -283
7.8. Turli xil o'lchov asboblarning sezgirligi____________________________ ___ ___284
7.9. Osmonning havo ranglilik nazariyasi ______ _____________________________ _287
7.10. V II bobga oid masala va savollar— ... ............... .................................. .... 291
V I I I bob. N O M U V O Z A N A T J A R A Y O N L A R T E R M O D IN A M IK A S I................. ..293
8.1. Nom uvozanat jarayonlar termodinam ikasining asosiy ten glam alari... ..295
8.2. Balans tenglamasi va saqlanish qo n u n lari_______________ ____ _________ _297
8.3. Chiziqli qaytm as jarayonlar..__ _______________ ____________________-...... — 299
8.4. Qaytmas jarayonlar termodinamikasining variatsion prin siplari______ _302
8.5. Onzager prinsipi. Term oelektrik hodisalarga tatbig‘i .............................. ..303
8.6. N ochiziqli nomuvozanat termodinam ika asoslari.... ............................... ..309
8.7. V I II bobga oid masala va savollar____ __ ______ _____ _______ __ __________ _310
I X ..bob. F IZ IK A V I Y K IN E T 1 K A ........ ........................................................... -......... 313
9.1. Kinetik k im y o_________________________________________________ ____ ___ _____311
9.2. Broun harakatining fizik xarakteristikasi_______________________________ _313
9.3. Sm oluxovskiy tenglam asi________________________________________________ _316
9.4 Batafsil muvozanat prinsipi ------------------------------------------- --- ----------- -318
9.5. F ok k er-P lan k tenglam asi________________________________________________ _319
9.6. K inetik balans tenglam a_________________________________________________ _325
9.7. Eynshteyn bo'yicha Plank formulasining kinetik isboti_____________ ____328
9.8. IX bobga oid masala va savollar___________ _____________________________ _331
X bob. K IN E T IK T E N G L A M A L A R
10.1. Bolsmanning kinetik tenglam asi_______________________________________ _334
10.2. Bolsman tenglamasining statsionar y e c h im i__________________________ _338
10.3. Bolsmanning H-teorem asi va entropiyaning o‘sish qonuni —...... ....... .340
10.4. Ko'chishning umumlashgan tenglamasi. Enskog tenglam asi_________ _343
10.5. A d d itiv kattaliklar saqlanish qonunlari__ ____________________ ____ ____ _345
10.6. Makroskopik qaytmaclik va mikroskopik qaytuvchanlik_______________ _348
10.7. Ideal gazda Maksvell muvozanat va lokal muvozanat taqsim oti_____ _351
10.8. Gidrodinam ika tenglamasi. Kinetik k o effitsiyen tla r____________________355
10.9. Relaksatsiya v a q t i___________________________ __ __________________________359
10.10. Bolsman kinetik tenglamasining gazlarga ba'zi bir ta t b ig 'i........ ....... .361
10.11. Kristallda o'tkazuvchi e lektro n lar_______________________________ __ __ 364
10.12. Bogolyubov kinetik zanjir tenglam asi________ __ ____________________ _367
10.13. O'zi moslashuvchan maydon kinetik tenglamasi. Vlasov tenglamasi__ _372
10.14. Bolsman kinetik tenglamasining Bogolyubov bo'yicha isb o ti_________373
10.15. bobga oid masala va savollar__________________________________________ _380
M asalalarning ja v o b la r i_________________________________________________________ 382
Foydalanilgan a d a b iy otla r______________ _____ _________________ ____________________388
391
33.317
А 15
Abdumalikov А А
Nazariy fizika kursi: J. 4: Termodinamika va statistik fizika.
Oliy o'quv yurtlari uchun darslik/A.A. Abdumalikov, R. Mamatqulov.
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