Termez state university foreign philology faculty foreign philology and literature

Social challenges

Informal Settlements have been associated with many social problems such as high levels of poverty, illiteracy and crime. Not forgetting the inadequate local services, especially healthcare, education and youth facilities. While this perception holds true in reality to varying degrees, it puts a stigma on all informal residents that affects their sense of belonging, citizenship and inclusion in society.

Egypt, like many developing countries, does not have a well-established practice of social and public participation. Although a number of leading NGOs have always been invited and actively participated in almost all workshops, in an affluent city such as Alexandria, with many civil society organizations and community groups, the number of organizations that could not participate has always been greater, therefore this issue represents an enormous challenge  . At the national level, there is a lot of support in Egypt for a participatory and more inclusive approach to planning. It is clear that the current political and economic situation has created a great deal of interest in planning that reflects the needs of the average Egyptian to a greater extent than was necessary in the past  .

 Environmental challenges

Informal settlements are threatened by natural and/or manmade hazards; they cannot withstand disasters. To define the environmental impacts of living in informal settlements on residents, it must be noticed that the majority of the threats are related to location where housing or services are inadequate  .

Dwellings in Informal Settlements have no access to proper sanitation. They are exposed to indoor and outdoor polluted water that impact adversely on their health. The improper sanitation system leads to- when it rains heavily- expose dwellers to floods and infectious diseases  .

Air pollution in informal settlements is divided into two main types: Stationary sources: including industrial facilities, thermal power stations, commercial and residential activities. Mobile sources: including passenger cars, buses, trucks and Motorcycles. The most polluting sources of air pollution are major industrial sites. Over the years, industry and the cities grew together, and industrial complexes that used to be at the outskirts of the urban area, are now within the center of the residential areas. The planned industrial zones and unplanned agglomerations of industrial activities result in several air pollution hotspots  .

Solid waste includes agricultural, animal, municipal, and industrial wastes. Solid waste management concluded that key limitation of collection and transfer was the lack of modern mechanical equipment. Ability of doing daily collections is very poor. Related issues are poor equipment, maintenance, processing management, lack of waste treatment and valorization, and lack of sanitary landfills for final disposal  .