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PASSIVE VOICE
(to be + Verb 3 (past participle)
Passive voice is used in cases where the performance of an action is more important than who performed it. For example: Flowers watered Flowers were watered.
When we use passives? 1.Executor of action
(unknown)
(unimportant)
Tenses
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Active
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Passive
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Present Simple
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Sarah cleans the room
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The room is cleaned by
Sarah
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(obvious)
The museum was built in 1875.
(unknown-)
The flowers have been delivered. (unimportant-) He was arrested.
(obvious-)
In cases where the action is more important to the executor - mainly in news, articles and announcements:
The National Library was opened by President.
In the polite forms of some sentences: My phone is broken.
( instead of -You broke my phone ;))
Present
Continuous
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Sarah is cleaning the room
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The room is being cleaned by Sarah
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Present Perfect
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Sarah has cleaned the room
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The room has been cleaned by Sarah
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Past Simple
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Sarah cleaned the room
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The room was cleaned by
Sarah
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Past Continuous
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Sarah was cleaning the room
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The room was being cleaned by Sarah
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Past Perfect
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Sarah had cleaned the room
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The room had been cleaned by Sarah
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Future Simple
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Sarah will clean the room
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The room will be cleaned by
Sarah
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Conditionals
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If Sarah had time, She would clean the room
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If Sarah had time, the room would be cleaned
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Modals
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Sarah must clean the room
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The room must be cleaned
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Tests
1. The day before yesterday we (invited) to the restaurant by
Tom Jenkins.
A. are invited
B. were invited
C. invite
4. Look! The bridge (repair).
A. is being repaired
B. is been repaired
C.has being repaired
3. The letter and the parcel (post) tomorrow.
A. will be post”
B. will have been posted
C. will be posted
4. Margaret (know) to be a very industrious person.
A. has been known
B. is known
C. is been known
5. In Greece the Olympic Games (hold) once in four years.
A. were held
B. are being held
C. are held
6. The problem (study) for three years, but they haven’t got ~ any results.
A. has been studied
B. has being studied
C. was studied
Uzbekistan is the land of cotton
Uzbekistan's main agricultural resource has long been its "white gold," the vast amounts of cotton growing on its territory. Uzbekistan always was the chief cotton-growing region accounting for 61 percent of total production; in the mid-1990s it ranks as the fourth largest producer of cotton in the world and the world's third largest cotton exporter. In 1991 Uzbekistan's cotton yield was more than 4.6 million tons, of which more than 80 percent was classified in the top two quality grades. In 1987 roughly 40 percent of the workforce and more than half of all irrigated land in Uzbekistan--more than 2 million hectares--were devoted to cotton.
Executive summary
The privatization of Uzbekistan’s cotton sector has led to the establishment of so-called “cotton textile clusters” throughout the country designed to increase the added value in the cotton industry by boosting textile production and bringing together production, processing, and manufacturing. That is being done under the control of private entities that enter into contractual agreements with farmers.
In 2019, 75 clusters were operational which accounted for 73% of the total cotton harvest. Reports from farmers as early as 2018 revealed a lack of transparency, failure of clusters to make payments to farmers and unfair contractual arrangements which left farmers unable to fulfill the state-set quota, in debt and at risk of having their land confiscated. Unscrupulous cluster operators, often working closely with hokimiyats (district authorities) have had a disastrous effect on many farmers and a wider impact on local economies. There is no competition between clusters, as only one cluster is allowed to operate in one district to which farmers are obliged to deliver their entire cotton crop.
Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights (UGF) investigated 12 clusters in 12 districts of 9 regions and interviewed 15 farmers to gain more insight into how the privatization of the cotton sector via the establishment of clusters is impacting Uzbek farmers. Of these 12 clusters, findings show that most of them are clearly violating their contractual obligations. Furthermore, there is cause for concern that local authorities are allowing unscrupulous cluster operators to conduct their business with impunity and in some cases aiding and abetting unfair conditions designed to benefit private companies at the expense of farmers.
Answer the questions
1.What is the essential agricultural resource of Uzbekistan?
2. Is our country in the 6 th or 7 th place in cotton growing in the world?
3.Is it best cotton exporter?
4.What does cluster mean?
5.Does cluster impact on economics?
6.What place does Uzbekistan take in cotton growing in the world?
7.What is white gold?
8.Was Uzbekistan the chief cotton growing region in the world.
9.Is cluster competition?
10.How many regions grow cotton in Uzbekistan?
11.What is privatization of cotton?
12.How do they plant cotton seed?
13.How many tons was Uzbekistan cotton yeld in 1991?
14.How cotton blooms and grows ripe?
15.When and how the cotton is picked?
16.What makes COTTON USA different?
17.Are wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane major crops of Uzbekistan?
GLOSSARY
1.Agriculture-the practice or science of farming.
2.Crop-a plant such as wheat, rice, or fruit that is grown by farmers and used as food
3.Yield-to produce a result, answer, or piece of information.
4.Workforce-all the people who work in a particular industry or company, or company,or are available to work in a particular country or area.
5.Region-a large area of a country or of the world, usually without exact limits
6.Fluffy-very light and soft to touch
7.Bloom-with the flowers fully open
8.Brush-an object that you use of cleaning, painting, making your hair tidy made with a lot of hairs, Bristle, or thin pieces of plastic , fastened to a handle.
9.Average-the average amount is the amount you get when you add together several quantities and divide this by the total number of quantities
10.Boll-the part of a cotton plant that contains the seeds
11.Gem-also gem stone a beautiful stone that has been cut into a special shape
12.Calyx-the green outer part of a flower that protects it before it opens.
13.Dazzling-a light that is dazzling is very bright and makes makes you unable to see properly for a short time
14.Harvesting-the time when the crops are gathered from the fields, or the act of gathering them
15.Cloth-material used for making things such as clothes cotton /woolen /silk
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