Technology and Education: Computers, Software, and the Internet



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U

i0

 and 


U

i1

 as 


the 

ith person's indirect utilities associated with not graduating and graduating from high school, 

respectively. These indirect utilities can be expressed as: 

 

(3.1) 


U

i0

 = α

0

 + β

0

'X

i

 + γ

0

C

i

 + λ

0

t(W

i

, C

i

) + θY

0

(Z

i

, C

i

) + ε

i0

, and 


(3.2) 

U

i1

 = α

1

 + β

1

'X

i

 + γ

1

C

i

 + λ

1

t(W

i

, C

i

) + θY

1

(Z

i

, C

i

) + ε

i1

 



where 

X

i

,  Z

i

  and  W

i

  may include individual, parental,  family, geographical,  and school 

characteristics; 



C

i

  is  the presence of a home computer; 



Y

0

 and Y

1

 are expected future earnings; 

and 


is the child's achievement (e.g. test score), and ε

i

 is an additive error term. 



X

i

, Z

i

 and W

i

 do 


not necessarily include the same characteristics  because the individual, family and other 

characteristics affecting utility, test scores and expected future earnings may or may not differ. 

Achievement is determined by the characteristics

W

i

, and the presence of computers is allowed 

to have different effects on the utility from the two educational choices. Expected earnings differ 



32

 

 



between graduating from high school and not graduating from high school, and are functions of 

the characteristics, 



Z

i

, and home computers. 

In the  model, there are three major ways in which home computers affect educational 

outcomes. First, there is a direct effect of having a home computer on the utility of graduating 

from high school, 

γ

1

.  Personal computers make it easier to complete homework assignments 

through the use of word  processors, spreadsheets, Internet browsers and other software, thus 

increasing the utility from completing schoolwork. Home access to computers offers more 

availability and autonomy  than school access and may familiarize students  with computers 

increasing the returns to computer use in the classroom. Second, access to home computers may 

have an additional effect on the utility of staying in school beyond making it easier to finish 

homework and complete assignments. In particular, the use of home computers may "open doors 

to learning" and doing well in school (Cuban 2001 and Peck, et al. 2002), and thus encourage 

some teenagers to graduate from school.  Third, personal computers also provide utility from 

games, email, chat rooms, downloading music, and other non-education uses creating an 

opportunity cost from doing homework. The higher opportunity cost increases the utility of not 

graduating from high school. On the other hand, the use of computers at home, even for these 

non-educational uses, keeps children off the street, potentially reducing delinquency and criminal 

activities.  These activities increase the utility from dropping out of school. The two opposing 

factors make it difficult to sign the effect of computers on the utility from not graduating from 

high school, 

γ

0.

 

Another way in which personal computers affect the high school graduation decision is 



through their effects on academic achievement. Computers could improve academic performance 

directly through the use of educational software and focusing time use on content.  Computers 




33

 

 



and the Internet, however, may displace other more active forms of learning,  emphasize 

presentation over content, and increase plagiarism.  Therefore, the theoretical effects of 

computers on academic achievement, 


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