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possessive pronouns 
(‘m ine’, ‘yours’, ‘his’, 
‘hers’, ‘its’, ‘his’, ‘hers’, ‘ours’ and ‘theirs’ in sentences like ‘They’re not yours, they’re mine!’).
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D escribing language
Relative pronouns
The pronouns ‘who’, ‘whose’, ‘where’, ‘which’ and ‘that’ are used to introduce 
relative
clauses. 
In the sentences, ‘I photographed a dancer who was wearing national costume’ and 
‘I stood at the door of the house where I used to live’, ‘who was wearing national costum e’ 
and ‘where I used to live’ are relative clauses. Relative pronouns are necessary if the noun 
in the relative clause is the subject of that clause. In the sentence, ‘I found the m an whose 
grandfather started the revolution’, the grandfather is the subject of the clause ‘started the 
revolution’. Relative pronouns are not necessary, however, if the noun is the object of the 
clause. In the sentence, ‘I filmed the m an I m et’, ‘the m an’ is the object of the clause 
(‘I 
met 
the m an’).
Articles and determiners
Articles 
(‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’) belong to a class of words called 
determiners. 
These identify
- or indicate the type of reference of - the noun phrase, telling us whether it is general or 
specific, or whether it is known about or is new. Other examples of determiners are ‘this’, 
‘that’, ‘these’, ‘those’, ‘some’ and ‘all o f’. Determiners usually come before a noun or at the 
beginning of a noun phrase, e.g. ‘an apple’, ‘the red bus’, ‘some of my best friends’, ‘these 
fresh oranges’.
Definite article
We use the definite article (‘the’) when we think that the reader or listener knows which 
particular thing or person we are talking about, perhaps because we have already m entioned 
it (e.g. ‘I m et a wom an in the park ... the woman was alone.’), or when there can only be 
one, e.g. ‘the Pope’ (we know which one because there is only one), ‘the book I read’ (= we 
both know which one I’m talking about), ‘the oldest m an in the world’ (because there can 
only be one ‘oldest’ m an), etc.
We do not use the definite article when we are talking about people and things in 
general, using plural or uncountable nouns, e.g. ‘Teachers should establish a good rapport 
with their students’, ‘Trumpet players tend to make a lot of noise’, ‘Money doesn’t grow on 
trees’, etc. This is often referred to as the zero article.
However, just to confuse things, we do sometimes make general statements with the 
definite article and a singular noun, e.g. ‘The great white shark is a dangerous creature in 
the wrong situation’ (see also the indefinite article below).

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