Particularly it was stated that “
the protection of the allocation of the taxation
powers between the Member States may also require for the economic activities of
companies established in one of those States only the application of the tax rules of
the latter, both for profit and for losses
” (case 12/13/2005, C-446/2003
Marks &
Spencer
; case 07/18/2007, C-231/2005
OY AA
; case 05/15/2008, C-414/2006
Lidl
).
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The Tax Interest of the National States and the Balance with the European Values
It thereby acknowledges that the purpose of the national regulation that brings
the taxation to the country in which it is established the economic activity responds
to “an objective of general interest” and as such it can determine a derogation from
the principles enshrined in the Treaty and from other EU regulations (case
25.2.2010, C-337/08,
X Holding
; case 29.11.2011, C-371/10,
National Grid Indus
).
In essence, the case law attaches particular importance to the exercise of the
power to tax by the Member States intended to ensure compliance with the principle
of territoriality.
On the other hand, the Court of Justice has explicitly led the protection of the
principle of territoriality to the area of the coherence of the taxation system, stating
“
that it will be no longer guaranteed a coherent taxation if the transfer abroad
would make impossible to tax on the income occurred during the residence in the
State of origin
” (case 7.9.2006, C-470/2004
N Van Dijk;
case 29.11.2011, C-371/
10,
National Grid Indus
).
Therefore it must be excluded that the protection of the principle of territoriality
constitutes a independent and distinct cause of justification from the coherence of
the national tax system).
8.2.4
The Jurisprudential Appreciation of the Risk of International
Tax Evasion or Tax Avoidance
A further profile of the national tax interest emerging in the ECJ case law as a cause
of justification with respect to the derogation of the provisions of EU law, in
particular as the limit of the principles of non-discrimination and non-restriction,
concerns the appreciation of the risk of international tax evasion (or tax avoidance).
It should first be noted that the Court of Justice does not seem to give relief, at
least in principle, to the danger of tax evasion or otherwise to the risk of revenue
losses due to tax arbitrage of taxpayers as possible causes of justification with
respect to the violations of fundamental EU freedoms (case 16.7.1998, causa
C-264/96,
Imperial Chemical Industries
; case 09/21/1999, C-307/97
Saint Gobain
;
case 06/06/2000, C-35/98
Verkooijen
; case 8.3.2001, C-397/98 and C-410/98,
Metallgesellshaft
; case 09/12/2006, C-196/2004
Cadbury Schweppes
).
Indeed, the cause of justification was found by the Court of Justice in the need to
prevent the tax avoidance as a topic that is to weaken the effectiveness of the tax
systems of the nation-States.
In particular, most of the issues brought in front of the ECJ deals with cases of
allocation of fiscal losses or tax benefits in favour of the parent company within a
group of companies with offices in different Member States, in order to allow the
shifting of the taxable profits from the production site to the place with lower taxes
(case 12/13/2005, C-446/2003
Marks & Spencer
; case 07/18/2007, C-231/2005
OY
AA
).
In this regard it should be noted that the Court of Justice denied that the contrast
to the tax avoidance, to be intended as a special operation devoted to gain an
unworthy fiscal advantage compared to the general purposes of the national
8.2
The Identification of the National Interests Qualified as Objective Causes
. . .
131
taxation system, could be allowed in order to permit derogations from the EU
regulations.
Indeed it is frequent the statement in the ECJ case-law that the mere use of tax
advantages by taxpayers, due to the choice of certain assets in transactions, does not
constitute an abusive situation, unless it does not result in the application of
artificial schemes aimed at obtaining the exclusive or the main purpose of tax
benefits (case 03/09/1999, C-212/97
Centros
; case 09/30/2003, C-167/2001
Inspire
Art
; case 09/12/2006, C-196/2004
Cadbury Schweppes
).
In other occasions the Court of Justice has excluded the eligibility of a cause of
justification for the contrast of the tax avoidance on the basis of the non-recognition
of a rigorous evidence about the risk of tax evasion (case 07/17/1997, C-28/95
Leur-Bloem
) or because of the lack of proportionality of the measures of internal
contrast of the tax avoidance (case 05/15/1997, C-250/95
Futura Participation SA
;
case 07/16/1998, C-264/96,
Imperial Chemical Industries—ICI
).
In essence, the EU legal system recognizes the abstract need for the protection of
the national taxation system with respect to the behaviours of taxpayers related to
the tax avoidance or tax evasion, but at the same time it identifies a number of
limitations and restrictions on the use of this principle as a cause of justification
compared to the fundamental freedoms of European law. Evidently, the ECJ warns
the risk of an indiscriminate use of such reason of national interest as a possible
latch to open the EU legal order in favour of protectionist and selfish purposes of the
Member States, and therefore comes with circumspection to the protection from the
risk of tax evasion or tax avoidance.
8.2.5
The Protection of the Effectiveness of Tax Controls
and Audits
Another overriding reason of general interest—conceptually very close to the
second mentioned above—has been identified by the Court of Justice in ensuring
the effectiveness of the controls and the tax audits.
At first, with reference to the indirect taxation, the Court of Justice has
recognized the relevance of the reasons of “safeguard of the effectiveness of fiscal
supervision” as a cause of justification with respect to the EU framework
(in particular case 20.2.1979, C-120/78
Cassis de Dijon
).
Subsequently, this belief has also been reaffirmed in the area of the direct
taxation, especially where the rules of national law were intended to prevent an
arbitrary determination of the tax base in the tax return (case 01/28/1992, C-204/90,
Bachmann
; case 05/15/1997, C-250/95
Futura Participation SA
; case 8.7.1999,
C-254/97
Baxter
; case 28.10.1999, C-55/98
Vestergaard
).
In the mentioned cases the Court of Justice has recognized the legitimacy of the
national legislation which introduced some control measures and monitoring
requirements intended to limit a possible tax evasion, as long as it was avoided
the discrimination between residents and non-residents and in any case was
respected the principle of proportionality. However, just the assessment of
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The Tax Interest of the National States and the Balance with the European Values
the degree of proportionality often led the ECJ to qualify as unlawful the
domestic law.
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