Tashkent state university of uzbek language and literature named after alisher navoi

Cultural similarity and differences.

There are so many cultures in the world. Each culture has its own characteristics. But we must not forget that in some cases there are similarities between different cultures. But, based on the biological and social characteristics of a person, it is possible to highlight the similarities of different cultures.
1. Any culture is defined by its own language.
2. Every culture has a means of expressing aesthetics and achieving aesthetic pleasure.
3. Each culture has ways of relating to key events in human life, such as birth, death.
4. Each culture seeks to preserve an ethnic group, to unite it, to meet the needs for an orderly lifestyle
Cultural groups can be distinguished by the perception of the context, the degree of dependence of communication on the context, the insertion of hidden, non-verbalized information into the conversation. According to E. Hall, the more contextual (i.e. hidden) information is used in a culture, the more complex this culture is. Communication can be influenced, among other things, by external factors such as time of day and weather conditions, as well as non-verbal modes of communication such as speech tone and gestures. E. Hall divides cultures into two large groups, depending on the importance of the role of context in them. The first group is high-context cultures, the second is low-context ones. The first group is characterized by the following features: there is hidden information in speech; often it is not the words and the transmitted information that are important, but the way in which they were transmitted; there are pauses in communication that have a separate meaning. In highly contextual cultures, it is not customary to pronounce details that are already known to the interlocutors, only new information is important. Representatives of such cultures are characterized by avoidance of conflict situations, as well as demonstration of their own dissatisfaction is unacceptable, which is why politeness in these cultures has a deeper meaning and complex structure than in low-context cultures. Moreover, the important role of context is a specific feature of collectivist countries. E. Hall believed that countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Portugal, India, Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, etc. are highly contextual cultures.
In turn, low-context cultures are characterized mainly by verbal delivery of information, straightforwardness and openness. The speech itself is often expressive . Communication in such cultures is mostly temporary. Not much attention is paid to non-verbal methods of communication, since it is assumed that the interlocutors express everything openly and just as openly assess the information received. Understatement in low-context cultures is interpreted as a lack of information. With regard to conflicts, people prefer to express things that are of concern and dissatisfaction directly to them in order to resolve the situation as soon as possible. Most countries with a low cultural context are considered individualistic. E. Hall attributed the following countries to low-context cultures: Finland, Norway, Australia, USA, Germany, Canada, etc.
Due to the diversity of cultures, some misunderstandings may also occur.
Professor L.K. Latyshev, based on his experience in Germany, talked about how "cultural misunderstanding" often spoils personal relationships.
The interaction of cultures through translation presupposes, first of all, the desire to provide the readers of the translation with facts and ideas inherent in a foreign culture, in order to broaden the reader's horizons, to give them the opportunity to understand that other peoples may have different customs, that it is necessary to know and respect other cultures. This is the huge general educational role of translation [Komissarov 1991: 130].
As a tool for acquaintance with a foreign culture, translation plays an important role, since it "crosses" not only the boundaries of languages, but also the boundaries of cultures, and the text created in the course of this process is transposed not only into another language system, but also into the system of another culture [Schweitzer 1988: 37].
But everything that is created in human culture is different in place and time, in era and civilization, in many specific conditions, therefore cultural phenomena carry something special in themselves - "mismatched" parts that become an obstacle for understanding, for effective communication of multilingual partners ... The translator is more interested in these "non-coinciding" parts, since there are no problems when translating the overlapping, common human "parts" of culture.
Therefore, recently, on the one hand, there has been a tendency towards globalization of the world "with inevitable direct contact or dialogue of cultures" [Bibler 1989: 32], and on the other hand, conflicts on national and cultural grounds are increasing not only within one national culture, but also in general between different national cultures.

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