Tarmoq Komandalari

1-Dars 26.09.18:

Tarmoq Komandalari

Ipv4-Da 5ta Class Mavjud.

A)0.0.0.1 – 126.255.255.255.

B) 128.0.0.1 – 191.255.255.255.

C) 192.0.0.1 – 223.255.255.255.

D) 224.0.0.1 – 239.255.255.255.

E) 240.0.0.1 – 255.255.255.255.

128.0.0.0- Ip Address Emas Oddiy Deapazon.

128.0.0.1-Ip Address Xisoblanadi.

127.0.0.1.-Local Xost Yoki Virtual Interfeyslar Uchun Ishlatiladi.

Serie Ip- Local Tarmoqda Ishlatiluvchi Ip Addresslar

Belie Ip-Global Tarmoqda Ishlatiluvchi Ip Addresslar.

Local

A)10.0.0.1 – 10.255.255.255./8bit

B) 172.16.0.1 – 172.31.255.255./16bit

C) 192.168.0.1 – 192.168.255.255./24bit

Tarmoq Maskasi-Tarmoq Identifikatori Hisoblanib.Biz Unga Qarab Tarmoq Addresslar Soni Va Ip Addresslar Sonini Aniqlaymiz.

255._C255._C255._C0._Y C=7; Y=8;

Tarmoq Addresslar Soni: 2^n*C=2^3*7=2²¹;

Xostlar Soni:2^n*Y-2=2⁸-2=254;

Switchga Kirish Algoritmi.

Do Show Run-Switchdagi Sozlamalarni Ko’rish;

Conf T-Switichni Nastroyka Qilish;

Hostname…- Nom Qo’yish;

Enable Password Kod- Parol Quyish;

Enable Secret Kod –Parolni Kuchliroq Shifrlash;

Enable Password-Encryption-Parolni Shifrlash;

Int Vlan1- Tarmoqga Kirish;

No Shut Down;

Ip Address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.255.

Ip Dhcp Pool Vl1

Network 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.255.

Default-Router 192.168.1.1

Exit

Hostname …

Username … Privilege15 Secret Kod

Line Vty 0 4

Login Local

Exit

Write Memory

2- Dars 28.09.18:

Cidr Texnalogiyalari

Cidr-Classga Asoslanmagan Holat.

4096₁₂.2048₁₁.1024₁₀.512₉.256₈.128₇.64₆.32₅.16₄.8₃.4₂.2₁.1₀.

1-Masala.30 Ta Kompyuterga Ip Address Bering.

Yechimi: O’ttiz Soniga Eng Yaqin Son Bu Ikkining Beshinchi Darajasi Hisoblanadi.255.255.255.25532 Bit Shu Sabab 32-5=27

Biz Beradigan Ip Addesslar 27 Bitdan Oshmasligi Shart.

Maximal Ip Address 255.255.255.11100000.-Buni O’nlik Sanoq Sistemasiga O’tqazsak 255.255.255.224 Hosil Buladi.

255.255.255.224- Bu Tarmoq Maskasi Sanaladi.

Maskadagi Birlar Soni Tarmoq Addressini Yani Tarmoq Sonini No’llar Soni Esa Xostlar (Komplar) Sonini Bildiraradi.

10000000=128\ 1 Bit

11000000=192\ 2bit

11100000=224\ 3bit

11110000=240\ 4bit

11111000=248\ 5bit

11111100=252\ 6bit

11111110= 254\ 7bit

11111111=255\ 8bit

255.255.255.224 Ip Da 27ta Bir Xamda 5ta No’l Raqami Mavjud Shu Sabab

Tarmoq Soni: 2²⁷ Ga Teng

Xostlar Soni: 2⁵-2= 30

Maska Qanchalik Kata Bo’lsa Xostlar Soni Shuncha Kam Bo’ladi.

30 Ta Xost 27 Bit

255.255.255.224 No’ldan Ikkiyuz Ellik Beshgacha Ikkiyuz Ellik Oltita Son Bor Shu Sabab

256-224=32Bu Tarmoq Qadami Deyiladi.

1)192.168.0.1 192.168.0.30\31-Broadcast

2)192.168.0.32 192.168.0.62\63- Broadcast

3)192.168.0.64 192.168.0.94\95 Broadcast

4)192.168.0.96 192.168.0.126\127- Broadcast

. . .

N)192.168.0.224 192.168.0.254\255- Broadcast

2- Masala:Xostlar Soni 4000ta Bulganda

Yechimi: 2¹² Darajasi 4096 Bu Esa 4000ga Eng Yaqin Son Hisoblanadi (Yuqoridan Hisoblaganda).

32-12=20 Bit

255.255.240.0.

256-240=16Tarmoq Qadami

Tarmoq Soni: 2²⁰ Ga Teng

Xostlar Soni: 2¹²-2= 4094 Ga Teng

1)192.168.0.1 192.168.15.254

2)192.168.16.1 192.168.31.254

3)192.168.32.1 192.168.47.254

4)192.168.48.1 192.168.63.254

. . .

N)192.168.240.1 192.168.255.254\255- Broadcast

Bularning Barchasi Cidr Texnalogiyalarida O’rinlidir.

3-Dars 5.10.18

Vlan Texnalogiyasi

Tarmoq—Osi Standarti Bo’yicha Ishlaydi:

Osi—7 Ta Sathga Ega Bo’lib Ular Quyidagicha Nomlanadi:

1)Amaliy – Ushbu Satxga Ko’ra Qurilmalar Ishlaydi:

2)Taqdimot

3)Seans

4)Transport

5)Tarmoq

6)Kanal—Switch

7)Fizik—Hub

Xarbir Kompyuterning O’zining Mac Bo’lib Tarmoqda Qurilmani Asosan Uning Mac I Orqali Topiladi.Chunki Ip Addressni O’zgartirish Mumkin Birow Mac Ni O’zgartirib Bo’lmaydi.

Mac Uzunligi 48 Bit Bo’ladi:

Kompyuter Mac Addressini Bilish Uchun Cmd Da Getmac Buyrug’ini Terish Lozim:



Mac—Addressni Oxirgi 24 Bitini O’zgartirsa Bo’ladi Biroq Boshidagi 24 Bitni O’zgartirib Bo’lmaydi.

Hub Va Switch

Hub ( Kонценратор)—Xotiraga Ega Bo’lmagan Qurilma

Switch( Kоммутатор)—Xotiraga Ega Bo’lgan Qurilma

Switch Va Hub O’rtasidagi Farqlar

Xotira — Switch

Tezlik — Switchda Yuqori

Xavfsizlik — Switchda Bor

Osi Satxiga Ko’ra — Hub Fizik Satxda Switch Kanal Satxda

Vlan – Yordamida Switchni Ko’plab Bo’laklarga Ajratish Mumkin.

Vlan Ning Afzalliklari Quyidagilardan Iborat:

1)Tarmoqni Strukturalangan Ko’rinishga Keltiradi:

2)Xavfsizlikni Taminlaydi:

3)Trafikni Tejaydi—Yani Tarmoqda Osilish Yuzaga Kelishini Oldini Oladi:

Ish Jarayoni Ketma—Ketligi :

1)Enable:

2)Conf T

3)Hostname …

4)Vlan ?

5) Vlan Name

6) Name (Vlan Nomi)

7)Exit

. . .

8)Interface Vlan Name

9)Ip Address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

10)Exit

. . .

11)Interface Vlan Name

12)Ip Address

13) Ip Dhcp Pool Vlan Name

14) Network …..

15) Default—Router ….

16)Exit

. . .

17) Interface Range Fastethernet 0/1-N

18)Switchport Mode Acces

19)Switchport Access Vlan Name

20)Exit

. . .

21)Line Vty 0 4

22)Transport Input Telnet

23)Login Local

24)Username … Secret Kod

25) Enable Secret Kod

26)Exit

27)Write Memory

4- Dars.08.10.18

Access,Trunk,Port- Security

Portlar Asosan 2 Xil Bo’ladi.Access Va Trunk Portlar.

Switch Dan Kompyutergacha Bo’lgan Port Acces Port Sanaladi.


acces

trunk

trunk

Aaaaaccacaaaaaaacccacces

ces

switch

switch

Trunk

ttttttttttttt

Bitta Fizik Kanalni Bir Nechta Virtual Kanallarga Aylantiruvchi Port Trunk Port Deyiladi.

TRUNK portda ishlatiluvchi yangi komandalar:

Switchport mode trunk –Trunk portni yoqish;

Switchport trunk allowed vlan n –n-vlanga chiqishiga ruxsat berish;

Switchport trunk allowed vlan 1-n –1-n ga cha bulgan vlanlarga ruxsat berish;

Switchport trunk allowed vlan 2,3,4,5,6 –faqat kursatilgan vlanlarga ruxsat berilgan;

Switchport trunk allowed vlan all –xammasiga ruxsat berish;

Interface range fastethernet 0/1 –ezernet portni yoqish

Switchport mode access –

Switchport port-security –port xavfsizligini yoqish;

Switchport port-security mac-address sticky –Ruxsat etilgan kompyuterlar MAC addresini avtomatik uqib olish;

Switchport port-security maximum n—Ulanish uchun maximum n ta kompga ruxsat berish.

5—Dars 10.10.18

6-Dars 13.10.18

7-Dars 15.10.18

Stp,Ether Channel

Stp Va Ether Channel-Zahira Kanal Hosil Qilish Protakoli.

Switch Yonguniga Qadar 4 Ta Holat Kuzatiladi:

1)Blacking

2)Listening

3)Learning

4)Forwarding

Jarayon Ketma-Ketligi

Bu Switchni Uzidagi Stp ni Yoqish

Enable

Conf T

Spanning-Tree Mode Rapid Pvst

Exit

Qo’shimcha Jarayon

Channel-Group 1 Mode On

Exit

Int Port-Channel 1

Switchport Mode Trunk

Do Wr

Access List

1. 
   Ip access-list standart for-nat – Nat texnalogiyasini qullash uchun access list tuzishning birinchi qadami
   
2. 
   Permit 192.168…. 255.255.255.0 --- ruxsat etilgan ip lar
   
3. 
   Permit 192.168…. 255.255.255.0 --- ruxsat etilgan ip lar
   
4. 
   IP nat inside source list for-nat int fa 0/1 overload –Ruxsat etilgan iplarning global zonaga chiqish porti