Stress, Coping, and Health The Relationship Between Stress and Disease



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Stress

Stress, Coping, and Health

The Relationship Between Stress and Disease

  • Contagious diseases vs. chronic diseases
    • Biopsychosocial model
    • Health psychology
      • Health promotion and maintenance
        • Discovery of causation, prevention, and treatment

Stress: An Everyday Event

  • Major stressors vs. routine hassles
    • Cumulative nature of stress
    • Cognitive appraisals

Major Types of Stress

  • Frustration: blocked goal
  • Conflict: incompatible motivations
    • Approach-approach
    • Approach-avoidance
    • Avoidance-avoidance
  • Change: having to adapt
    • Social Readjustment Rating Scale
    • Life Change Units
  • Pressure
    • Perform/conform

Overview of the Stress Process

Responding to Stress Emotionally

  • Emotional Responses
    • Annoyance, anger, rage
    • Apprehension, anxiety, fear
    • Dejection, sadness, grief
    • Positive emotions
  • Emotional response and performance
    • The inverted-U-hypothesis

Responding to Stress Physiologically

  • Physiological Responses
    • Fight-or-flight response
    • Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
      • Alarm
      • Resistance
      • Exhaustion

Responding to Stress Behaviorally

  • Behavioral Responses
    • Frustration-aggression hypothesis
    • catharsis
    • defense mechanisms
  • Coping
    • Reappraisal
    • Confronting problems
    • Using humor
    • Expressing emotions
    • Managing hostility

Effects of Stress: Behavioral and Psychological

  • Impaired task performance
  • Burnout
  • Psychological problems and disorders
  • Positive effects

Effects of Stress: Physical

  • Psychosomatic diseases
  • Heart disease
    • Type A behavior - 3 elements
      • strong competitiveness
      • impatience and time urgency
      • anger and hostility
    • Emotional reactions and depression
  • Stress and immune functioning
    • Reduced immune activity

Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress

  • Social support
    • Increased immune functioning
  • Optimism
    • More adaptive coping
    • Pessimistic explanatory style
  • Conscientiousness
    • Fostering better health habits
  • Autonomic reactivity
    • Cardiovascular reactivity to stress

Firefighter Specific Stressors

  • Reliance on teamwork
  • Low job control
  • Sleep disturbances/Shift work
  • Boredom
  • Coworker conflict
  • Management-Labor conflict
  • Second jobs
  • Marital/Family spillover

Firefighter Stress Reactions

  • Apprehension/Dread
  • Intrusive thoughts
  • No hope
  • Sleep difficulties
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms
  • Throat and mouth symptoms

At-Risk Firefighters

  • Research reveals 2 distinct profiles for at-risk firefighters
    • Profile 1 (somaticizers) Reported greater frequency and intensity of physical symptoms
      • Head/neck/facial tension
      • Gastrointestinal distress
      • Cardiopulmonary complaints
    • Profile 2 (psychological stress) Reported higher levels of
      • Apprehension/dread
      • Anger
      • Generalized anxiety
      • Agitated depression

Implications for treatment

  • Identify high-risk firefighters
    • No penalty or stigmatization
  • Potential interventions
    • Psychoeducation
      • Work redesign
      • Coping skills training
      • Relaxation training
      • Conflict-resolution training
      • Leadership training
      • Sleep hygiene education

Coping Skills

  • Problem-focused coping
    • Taking direct action
    • Planning
    • Suppression of competing activities
    • Restraint coping
    • Seeking social support
  • Emotion-focused coping
    • Focusing on and venting emotions
    • Behavioral disengagement
    • Mental disengagement
    • Positive reappraisal
    • Denial
    • Acceptance
    • Turning to religion

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