Station 3: Medieval Muslim Scientists Astronomers and Astrophysicists

Station 1
The Somerset House Conference (1604)

Shows English and Spanish diplomats gathered around a table covered by a carpet with Islamic designs.

Station 2

Work in the observatorium of Taqi al-Din

Station 3: Medieval Muslim Scientists
Astronomers and Astrophysicists

* Muhammad

* Muhammad Ahmad Khan Minhas
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Yaqūb ibn Tāriq
* Ibrahim al-Fazari
* Muhammad al-Fazari
* Mashallah
* Naubakht
* Al-Khwarizmi, also a mathematician
* Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
* Al-Farghani
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
* Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit)
* Sinan ibn Thabit
* Ibrahim ibn Sinan
* Al-Majriti
* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
* Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
* Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
* Abu Sa'id Gorgani
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
* Al-Mahani
* Al-Marwazi
* Al-Nayrizi
* Al-Saghani
* Al-Farghani
* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
* Ibn Yunus
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
* Omar Khayyám
* Al-Khazini
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
* Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
* Averroes
* Al-Jazari
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
* Anvari
* Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
* Taqi al-Din, Ottoman astronomer
* Ahmad Nahavandi
* Haly Abenragel
* Ghallia Kaouk
* Abolfadl Harawi
* Abdul Kalam
* Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
* Muhammed Faris
* Abdul Ahad Mohmand
* Talgat Musabayev
* Anousheh Ansari
* Amir Ansari
* Ahmed Salem
* Alaa Ibrahim
* Mohamed Sultan
* Ahmed Noor

Chemists and Alchemists

* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)

* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), father of chemistry[7][8][9]
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
* Al-Majriti
* Ibn Miskawayh
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Al-Khazini
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Hasan al-Rammah
* Ibn Khaldun
* Sake Dean Mahomet
* Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
* Ali Eftekhari


Economists and Social Scientists


* Muhammad (570-632), discussed corporate social responsibility[15]
* Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist
* Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
* Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), economist
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
* Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[16]
* Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[17] and father of Indology[18]
* Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
* Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
* Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
* Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
* Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201-1274), economist
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), sociologist
* Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
* Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), forerunner of social sciences[19] such as demography,[20] cultural history,[21] historiography,[22] philosophy of history,[23] sociology[20][23] and economics[24][25]
* Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442), economist
* Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist;
* Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist;
* Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi economist;

Geographers and Earth Scientists

* Muhammad, discussed environmental philosophy[30]

* Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[31]
* Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[32]
* Qusta ibn Luqa
* Ibn Al-Jazzar
* Al-Tamimi
* Al-Masihi
* Avicenna
* Ali ibn Ridwan
* Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
* Ahmad ibn Fadlan
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[17][33] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[17]
* Avicenna
* Ibn Jumay
* Abd-el-latif
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Nafis
* Ibn al-Quff
* Ibn Battuta
* Ibn Khaldun
* Piri Reis
* Evliya Çelebi
* Zaghloul El-Naggar

Mathematicians

* Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar

* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[34] and algorithms[35]
* Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
* 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
* Hunayn ibn Ishaq
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
* Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
* Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Mahani
* Ahmed ibn Yusuf
* Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit)
* Sinan ibn Thabit
* Ibrahim ibn Sinan
* Al-Majriti
* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
* Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
* Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
* Al-Nayrizi
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
* Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
* Al-Saghani
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
* Ibn Sahl
* Al-Sijzi
* Ibn Yunus
* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Al-Karaji
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
* Al-Nasawi
* Al-Jayyani
* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
* Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
* Omar Khayyám
* Al-Khazini
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
* Al-Samawal
* Averroes
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
* Ibn Mun`im
* Al-Marrakushi
* Ibn al-Banna'
* Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
* Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Al-Khalili
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Qā

ī Zāda al-Rūmī
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Ulugh Beg
* Taqi al-Din
* Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
* Ibn Baso
* Cumrun Vafa
* Mostafa Mosharafa

Neuroscientists and Psychologists

* Muhammad, discussed mental health[37]

* Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[38]
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[39]
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[40]
* Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[37] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[41]
* Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder classification[42]
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[43]
* Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[43]
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[44]
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[45]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[46]
* Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological psychology,[42] neuropsychiatry,[47] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[48]
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[44]
* Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[44]
* Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[49]

Physicians and Surgeons

* Muhammad, discussed contagion[50][51] and early Islamic medical treatments[52]

* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[53]
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[54]
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
* Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[40]
* Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
* Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
* Ibn Al-Jazzar
* Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[56]
* Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[57]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[62] founder of Unani medicine,[58] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[63] aromatherapy,[64] pulsology and sphygmology,[65] and also a philosopher
* Ibn Miskawayh
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[66] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[67] and tracheotomy[68]
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Baitar
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[69] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[70] pulsology and sphygmology[71]
* Ibn al-Quff (1233-1305), pioneer of modern embryology[56]
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
* Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and microbiology[72]
* Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1374)
* Mansur ibn Ilyas
* Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
* Toffy Musivand
* Samuel Rahbar
* Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[73]
* Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6]

Physicists

* Muhammad explained creation of the universe

* Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
* Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
* Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit), 9th century
* Al-Saghani, 10th century
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
* Ibn Sahl, 10th century
* Ibn Yunus, 10th century
* Al-Karaji, 10th century
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[74] pioneer of scientific method[75] and experimental physics,[76] considered the "first scientist"[77]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[78]
* Avicenna, 11th century
* Al-Khazini, 12th century
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
* Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
* Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
* Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[9] father of modern engineering[79]
* Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
* Hasan al-Rammah, 13th century
* Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century

Station 4: Cartography


Map of Europe as the Muslim explorers/cartographers mapped it in the 16^th century versus its actual borders.

Station 5: The Thousand and One Nights
The Arabian Nights: One Thousand and One Nights Summary
The Arabian Nights is a collection of tales from the Islamic Golden Age, compiled by various authors over many hundreds of years.

Though each collection features different stories, they are all centered around the frame story of the sultan Shahrayar and his wife, Scheherazade. After finding out that his first wife is unfaithful, Shahrayar kills her and swears to marry a different woman each night before killing her the following morning to prevent further betrayal. Scheherazade, his vizier's daughter, concocts a plan to end this pattern. She marries Shahrayar, and then begins to tell him a story that night. However, she stops the story in the middle, so that he will be excited to hear the rest the following night. The next evening, she finishes that story and then begins another, following the same pattern for 1,001 nights, until Shahrayar has a change of heart. The stories she tells comprise the collection.

"Aladdin's Lamp" tells of a peasant boy who is tricked by an evil magician into retrieving a magic genie lamp from a cave. However, Aladdin outsmarts him, keeping the lamp for himself. Through the genie's power, Aladdin grows rich and marries the sultan's daughter. When the magician steals the lamp back, Aladdin and his wife thwart and kill the villain. The magician's brother then attempts to avenge the dead man, but is equally defeated, so that Aladdin lives happily ever after.

Station 6: Arabic Number System