Сomporative typology

Language universals

2 .Language universals are language rules and linguistic phenomena which are common to all languages.

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  Universal linguistics dealing with language universals is a purely theoretical direction, according to its levels there are phonetic(vowels,consonants…), grammatical (nouns,verbs…) and semantic types.This term can be called as Universalizm too. It means generalization of language rules and concepts.
  

  Language universals are closely connected with Universal Grammar which is a part of Comparative Typology,because Universal Grammar is used for making up Language Universals.

Areal linguistics

Areal linguistics is also a theoretical direction and its main task is to determine the territorial division of languages and to study isoglosses. The area of language or dialect is a central notion of Areal linguistics, that is, it deals with the boundary of dissemination of languages, dialects and certain linguistic phenomena.

Another object of Areal linguistics is isogloss (“iso” – identical, equal, “gloss” – language, speech).

a) Related isoglosses

Isoglosses

b) Convergent isoglosses

a)Related isoglosses develop in languages with a common genetic background. Example : ду–two; modar-mother; три-three-ce , airport - аэропорт

a)Related isoglosses develop in languages with a common genetic background. Example : ду–two; modar-mother; три-three-ce , airport - аэропорт

 

b)Convergent isoglosses appear in the result of close relationship over a long period . Самолет, аэропорт, аэроплан.

Contact linguistics

Contact linguistics studies language relations of various countries, their influence on each other and language phenomena occuring in these regional languages under the influence of changes in the political and economic life of different countries.

Contrastive and Confrontative Linguistics

Some linguists in their research stated that the terms "contrastive linguistics" and "confrontative linguistics" are synonymous terms. L.L. Zabroki pointed out that these terms are used in the same sense.