Some notions on satire in French literature Abstract

Ключевые слова: сатира, полубоги, критика, юмор, пародия, литературные произведения.

What is satire? In literature, a satire is a comic book that differs from others in its specific accuracy (ironically, with humor). Initially, it was a lyrical genre, the poem usually had a very large volume. Its meaning was to make fun of certain events or people. Thus, satire is mixed with humor and irony, so that it looks like a sermon. Hyperbole, sarcasm, allegory, parody, and grotesque are also used in satirical literary and literary works. These are also ways of artistic comparison, exaggeration and bullying.

Satire originally appeared in Roman literature as a genre. Etymologically, the word comes from the Latin name of legendary creatures, strings - demigods, half-animals with a state of ridicule. Philologically, this concept is associated with the satire of other people, which combines different sizes (Greek as well as Saturnian verse) and a description of various events and facts in a line, in contrast to other genres of lyrics. is considered limited image space. His description of the genre can be better understood by referring to the works of Persia, Horace and Juvenal, whose Roman satire gives the highest examples.

In the definition of the word genre in the Encyclopedic Literary Dictionary, GENRE comes from the French language, which means genre - gender, type and type of literary, historically developing literary work (novels, poems, ballads and ballads). etc.).

Satire is poetry created to ridicule the weaknesses and weaknesses of modern society in the Russian dictionary of foreign words.

A way to express yourself in comic art in a modern encyclopedia: mock events that the author considers cruel. The power of satire depends on the social and spiritual significance of the satirical position, the tone of comedy.

Satire is considered a type of comic in Aesthetics, which differs from other types of humor (humor and irony). Satire was originally a lyrical genre. It was a poem that was often significant in scope, with some people or ridicule. Satire has become a genre in fiction. The word "satire" comes from the Latin name for a very mythical creature, which means ridiculed demigods, half-animals - satires.

Over time, satire lost the meaning of a particular genre, as in other classical genres (elegy, idyll, etc.). Exposing rumors has become the main character of satire and determines its essence. Satire has achieved this goal with various literary forms and genres. When the ancient literary forms revived in literature, the satire of the ancient genre partially revived.

The peculiarity of the satire is that it does not reveal negative, harmful events, but always does it with the help of a special comic law, where anger is combined with a comic book, dimming is usually manifested by dimming, and then detected through this mockery. This is a form of concealment of evil. This can be seen in the works of Rabelais, Beaumarchais, Voltaire, Swift, Saltikov-Shchedrin and others. At different times, they gave vivid examples of criticism and denial of the social reality of their time.

In the history of satire, we encounter the second type of satire several times when it is designed to correct any evil, and not to destroy the system that caused these satirical vices. This satire focuses mainly on everyday life, morality, cultural skills and traditions. The main types of satire differ not only in the material, but also in the writer's attitude to the material. At the same time, the forms of satirical works are very specific. We need to talk not only about the art of satire, but also about its artistic identity.

  The lack of a solid plot allows the satirist to be embarrassed by the requirements of the development of a single movement, since the compositional movement of the satire is dictated by the requirements of the author’s system of criticism, and not by the compositional development of one plot. The accuracy of the composition, not knowing the features of this satirical form, cannot be ignored by theorists who speak of satire as one of the main sins of art. The universality of criticism in a satirical novel dictates the need to use different materials. The satirical novel uses equally funny characters, positions, dialogs and words. This is the difference between this type of satire and other types.

The revival of the classical form of Roman satire as a lyric poem (Rachel), sung in French literature at the end of the 16th century, dates back to this period ( Vire, "Xrestiennes de la oshxonalari", du   Verdier, "Les omonymes, satire contre les mœurorrompues de ce siècle").

Naturally, French satire was an eighteenth-century classic. He became one of the great enlighteners of France - see Voltaire (see) His Orleans virgin, Candide, pamphlets - the best works of satirical rejection and destruction of all the shrines of the feudal Catholic community that have been mocking the foundations for centuries. Out of the impressive influence of the Church, the satyr united yet another central idea of ​​the satyr Voltaire - the struggle for the arbitrariness of the absolute monarchy. Walter was the highest expression of the satirical rejection of the feudal world among the French Enlightenment. But his arrival was prepared by many satirists, expected or unknown. The best works of French satirists are the “Rameo's nephew” Didro and the Bumarchet trilogy.

Very strong and political tensions in the French language influenced the satire of enlightenment in Germany. But these are echoes of the powerful political unrest of a neighboring country.

After the French bourgeois revolution at the end of the eighteenth century, when the problem of the destruction of the feudal system in the bourgeois order was solved, Satire contracted. We see only strong elements of satirism in the works of opposition democratic writers. For instance, Beranger, Barbier, V. Ugo.

Satire is a genre of literature and art that comically or poetically rejects negative events in life and society with humor, jokes, exaggerations, allegories, parodies and grotesques. The essence of satire is the use of artistic techniques and literary means to achieve meaningless, controversial and critical criticism. Excessive satire is often used for glut. The satire genre has existed for many centuries and is used to identify negative social and political events in each era. Satire is always oriented towards people and events.

Satirical works can be spiritual, political or religious. This comes from an uncritical idea in satire. In antiquity, there was a mixture of satirical poetry and prose, then the genre gained independence in Rome. He uses dances, songs and poems. Examples of satirical art were created by Juvenal and Horace. With the help of the genre, life incidents are ridiculed. Literature contains satirical, individual episodes, situations, or images of entire works.

In the 21st century, political satire shifted from literature to art. Today, animated paintings are often found in socio-political newspapers, major Russian and foreign publications.

So, it’s not always easy to understand what Satire is. After all, satire is not only a field of art and literature, but also a philosophical, political, and sociological term.

Bibliografiya:

1. Gottschalk W., der französischen Literaturda Die humoristische Gestalt, Hdlb., 1928 

2. MaksH., Satira in der französischen Publizistik unt. bes. Berücks. d. frantsuz Witzblattes, Die Entviklung v. d. Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1880, Diss., Myunchen, 1934  

3. LippsT., Komik und Humor, 2 Aufl., Lpz., 1922