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Smart Thinking: Skills for Critical Understanding and Writing, 2nd EdBog'liq Smart Thinking Skills for Critical Understanding and Writing by|
Document Outline - Cover
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Preface to First Edition
- Preface to Second Edition
- How to Use this Book
- 1 Smart Thinking
- What is smart thinking?
- How do we study smart thinking?
- Thinking about thinking
- Thinkers with attitude
- Why do we need to 'think smart'?
- 2 Claims: The Key Elements of Reasoning
- Understanding language
- A basic look at language
- Statements that are claims
- Claims as elements of reasoning
- More about claims
- Connections within claims
- Claims that include claims
- Scope and certainty
- Descriptive and value claims
- Claims and reasoning
- Using claims as conclusions and premises
- More on conclusions
- More on premises
- Review
- 3 Linking: The Key Process in Reasoning
- Links between claims
- Evidence of the linking process
- The problem of understanding linkages
- The analytical structure of reasoning
- Representing the analytical structure
- What the analytical structure format offers
- Learning more about the analytical structure
- The analytical structure behind narrative flow
- Casting
- Using the analytical structure for planning
- Complex analytical structures
- Review
- 4 Understanding the Links between Claims
- Dependent premises
- Using a group of premises
- Using independent premises
- The weakness of independent premises
- Special functions of premises
- Premises that provide a framework
- Premises that provide a definition
- The link from premises to conclusion
- The importance of internal connections
- Making a real connection
- Covering scope and certainty
- Thinking about values
- Review
- 5 More Effective Reasoning I: Better Claims
- Well-formed claims
- Writing clear claims
- Controlling the key properties of claims
- Well-founded claims
- The problem of 'true' claims
- Claims whose truthfulness is not in question
- Claims supported by authority
- Claims supported by reasoning
- Review
- 6 More Effective Reasoning II: Better Links
- Effective use of dependent premises
- Dependent premises providing one reason
- Avoiding implied premises
- Relevance
- What is relevance?
- Ensuring premises are relevant
- The special role of framing premises
- Strength of support
- The burden of proof
- Justifying all aspects of the conclusion
- Breadth of premises
- Coherence in scope and certainty
- Review
- 7 What Kinds of Reasoning are There?
- Deductive and inductive reasoning
- A common error
- Deduction
- Induction
- Categorical and propositional logic
- Five types of reasoning
- Causal reasoning
- Reasoning from generalisation
- Reasoning from specific cases
- Reasoning from analogy
- Reasoning from terms
- Review
- 8 Research, Reasoning, and Analysis
- Reasoning and analysis
- Reasoning and knowledge
- Reasoned analysis as questions
- Information understood by where we find it
- Information as it relates to other information
- Relations of specific and general
- Relations of similarity and difference
- Relations of cause and effect
- Information classified by the topic under investigation
- Information as it relates to how we are using it
- Direct and indirect sources
- Direct sources
- Indirect sources
- Five possible outcomes
- Review
- 9 Planning and Creating Your Reasoning
- The key analytical questions
- Context: analysing the external dimensions of reasoning
- Text: the internal dimensions of reasoning
- Using the analytical structure for planning
- Different sorts of plans
- The analytical structure format as a plan for writing
- Review
- 10 Bringing It All Together: Narrative and Structure
- Example text
- Casting and notes on each paragraph
- Capturing the essence of the text
- Overall narrative flow of the text
- Summary
- Answers, Discussion, and Further Advice
- Chapter 1
- Exercise 1.1
- Exercise 1.2
- Chapter 2
- Exercise 2.1
- Exercise 2.2
- Exercise 2.3
- Exercise 2.4
- Exercise 2.5
- Exercise 2.6
- Exercise 2.7
- Exercise 2.8
- Chapter 3
- Exercise 3.1
- Exercise 3.2
- Exercise 3.3
- Exercise 3.4
- Exercise 3.5
- Exercise 3.6
- Chapter 4
- Exercise 4.1
- Exercise 4.2
- Exercise 4.3
- Exercise 4.4
- Exercise 4.5
- Chapter 5
- Exercise 5.1
- Exercise 5.2
- Exercise 5.3
- Exercise 5.4
- Chapter 6
- Exercise 6.1
- Exercise 6.2
- Exercise 6.3
- Exercise 6.4
- Exercise 6.5
- Exercise 6.6
- Exercise 6.7
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 8
- Exercise 8.1
- Exercise 8.2
- Exercise 8.3
- Exercise 8.4
- Chapter 9
- Exercise 9.1
- Exercise 9.2
- Exercise 9.3
- Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts
- Further Reading
- Further reading on knowledge and philosophy
- Further reading on reasoning
- Further reading on writing and communicating
- Guide to Important Skills
- General questions
- Specific questions
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