4
4
):
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Are you better
off
than you used to be? Even after six years
of sustained
economic growth,
Americans worry about that q
u
e
st
ion
...
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Measuring how much people earn is
relatively easy, at
least compared with
measuring how well they live
�
iv
A
recent paper by Dora Costa, an economist at
the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, looks at the living-standards debate from an u
n
usu
a
l
direction.
� i
The share of a family's budget that was
spent
on having fun rose sharply with its income ... could afford such
extravagances as theatre and concert performances.
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viii
whose presence we barely notice
but
whose creeping
ubiquity has removed
much human
drudgery�
vi
there are already ro
b
o
t
sys
te
m
s
that can perform some kinds of
brain and bone surgery
with sub millimeter accuracy
-
far greater
p
r
ec
i
si
o
n than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone
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�communicate�
A
bats�
Q
high-power
military
sonar
might dis-orientate or
harm whales,
and that
it
is responsible for the mass strandings
�
,!!
Low frequency vocalizations,
in
the
form of grunts
and moans are
i
naud
i
b
l
e to the human ear, but form a p
a
t
te
rn
o
r song
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47):
[!!�But
I think the explanation may be more s
i
mple and,
in a
way, more
intriguing.
�
A
Tigers can and do kill almost
everything
they
meet
in the jungle
�
f
Many incidents of attacks
on
people
involving villagers
squatting or
bending over
11]
§
Some people
might
argue
that these attacks were
in
fact co
mmon in
the past.
�
f
If
you think like
a tiger, a
human in
a car might appear
just to be
a part
of the car, and because tigers
don't eat cars the human is safe-unless the car is menacing the tiger or its cubs, in which case a brave or enraged
tiger may charge.
258
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48):
[!]�prey spiders did not respond to them in any way. � Q The researchers
allowed various prey spiders to spin webs in the laboratory and then introduced Portia spiders. � f. lions hunting at
night, for example, � Q To simulate the shaking effect of a breeze the zoologists used either a model aircraft
propeller or attached a tiny magnet to the centre of the web�
I!
'They will attack something about twice their own
size�!! for jumping spiders that sneak onto other spiders' webs to prey on their owners, it can be the difference
between having lunch and becoming it.
[z] I!
Portia spiders live mostly in tropical forests, where the climate is hot and
humid
Iii
I!
The fifteen known species of Portia jumping spiders� f. 'Portia spiders are clearly intelligent and they
often learn from their prey as they are trying to capture it. They do this by
IEL TS Reading {Activity
49):
[!]
!! A person's breathing stops when air is somehow prevented from entering the
trachea. �
I!
The term central is used because this type of apnea is related to the central nervous system rather than
the blocked airflow. �
t
The third type of sleep apnea, known as mixed apnea, is a combination of the two and is the
most rare form �
t
The third type of sleep apnea, known as mixed apnea, is a combination of the two and is the
most rare form � There are three different types of sleep apnea, with obstructive sleep apnea being the most
commo
n
.
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