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149 
IELTS Reading (Activity 
85) 
TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN 
1]11,-
What are shares for? 
A company that is quoted on the stock exchange offers shares in its ownership to anyone who wants to 
buy them. A large company may issue millions of shares. There are several types of shares, but the most 
common are called ordinary shares. If you buy one, you are a part-owner, or shareholder, in the 
company, with the right to share in its profits, to attend board meetings and to vote on key issues and 
appointments. You can sell your shares if someone is willing to buy them. 
Shares are volatile - their prices go up and down all the time as people buy and sell them. All sorts of 
factors influence the prices of shares. including company analysis. Political change. natural disasters, 
wars and economic fluctuations, but one of the main factors is the behaviour of people who buy shares, 
or, as some would have it, 'the madness of crowds'. If many investors think the price of a share is going 
to go up and buy it, the price of the share will go up until they stop buying. This may have nothing to do 
with the essential soundness of the company. This kind of volatility is temporary. In the long term, 
shares in good companies are thought to be better investments than those in bad ones, This might seem 
obvious, but in the intense world of the stock market, it is often forgotten. 
Companies usually start out by being privately owned. When they get big enough, the owners may 
decide to 'go public' and sell part of the shares of their company on the stock market. The rules for going 
public are quite strict, to make sure that the company is worth buying. The advantage to the original 
owners of selling their shares is that, if the offering is successful, they can realize very large sums of 
cash. Some owners, however, prefer to keep control by staying private, while others have been known to 
buy back all the shares and return the company to private ownership. Taking a company listed on the 
stock market back into private ownership is quite rare, and when it is done the aim is usually to increase 
control over decision-making. For instance, tycoons may decide they can do a better job of building the 
business by making a company private because the red tape and potential for interference by other 
shareholders is much less. 
1 Shareholders have a say in who can hold important positions in the company. 

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