Figure 8: Celeste, Giacomina & Attilio Oprandi.
Photo courtesy Frank Oprandi.
70
Whatever a family’s economic situation, family life meant sharing one’s earnings and
the limited food and beds with many siblings or extended family members. Ezio Belintende,
from Sondrio in Lombardy, recalled his family’s situation:
I was working in a textile factory. However, in my family
there were ten of us. Ten, that's a lot. There was very
little to do. Two working very hard and the others, the
girls were learning to be dressmakers, so they earned
nothing. Here there was never any money. When I went
to work I had to take my money home to my parents. If
you went dancing, you could only have one drink.
19
In central and northern Italy, living in complex multi-generational households was
problematic, as the accounts of several participants revealed. Familial dynamics and the
increasingly thinner spread of earnings and shared space made living and working together
increasingly difficult.
20
After marrying, several participants reported attaining independence
by immigrating to Australia.
Throughout Italy farming was a way of life. Italians were either the owners of a parcel
of land or worked as day or seasonal labourers or sharecroppers. These forms of farming
were familiar to the Wittenoom Italians, with their scarce income derived from seasonal
crops. Rural families were dependent on their harvest and the few animals they owned to
feed the family, even if some could also rely on the remittances from family members who
had emigrated. The mezzadria or share cropping system of farming, practised in many
regions, had been a way of life for generations. The tenant farmer handed over a significant
share of the income from his crop or a large portion of the crop itself to the absent
landowner.
21
Paolo Del Casale from the Abruzzo region and Antonio Casella from Sicily both
spoke of the exploitation and the hard work associated with this system.
During Mussolini’s rule (1922-1943), a farming family’s existence was particularly
difficult for those opposed to his fascist ideology. In the 1930s and 1940s, Lina Nesa’s family
lived a humble existence, typical of rural communities. Her father paid the price for openly
19
Interview with Ezio Belintende, Italy, November 2008.
20
For a discussion of demography and multi-generational households see Miller, P. (2002), 'Tradition,
Modernity and Italian Babies', Social History, 69, pp. 206-207 and Miller, P. (2004), 'Demography and
gender regimes: the case of Italians and ethnic traditions', Journal of Population Research, 21 (2), pp.
199-222.
21
For a discussion of the mezzadria system of farming see McDonald, J. S. (1963), 'Agricultural
Organization, Migration and Labour Militancy in Rural Italy', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser.,
(16), pp. 61-75.
71
defying the fascist party.
22
Unlike her husband who went to Wittenoom for work or others
from the Valtellina area who had been going to Australia since the 1800s, Lina’s family never
emigrated.
23
Her family’s story of survival was a common one.
[Life] era magra
24
There was not any work; at least in my
family. My father didn't want to take on the tessera del
fascio
25
... (Angela: what is that?) Il Duce
26
... It was
wartime. He [Lina’s father] didn't want to [join the fascist
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