Part of the Wittenoom Italians’ healing process, as
I knew from my counselling background, involved telling their story, having it validated and
recorded in some way: in short being listened to, without being judged, and having their
stories legitimised.
23
“Holding the space” meant just nodding in acknowledgement, sitting and listening and waiting for the
participant to continue, or deciding it was best to gently bring the conversation to a close when it was
apparent the person could not continue.
24
Portelli (1981), Op Cit. p. 103.
58
The Use of Oral, Documentary and Visual Evidence: Considerations
From the outset of my research, I felt it was most important to give the Wittenoom Italians a
voice — to allow them to tell their own stories. This is, accordingly, a social history of the
Wittenoom Italians which Maynes, Pierce and Laslett would describe as originating “from
below”. “Central to its construction is the use of people’s articulated self-understandings
…personal narratives…to introduce [their] marginalized voices…to work from an empirical
base that is more inclusive.”
25
There are strengths in oral histories which official accounts do
not have, even if as Maynes, Pierce and Laslett caution “narrators of life stories…should be
regarded as privileged but not definitive observers of their own historical contexts”.
26
For this
very reason, there was a place for the Motley Rice Plaintiffs’ Exhibits and other archival
research to fill in the gaps in the history of Wittenoom “from above”, which the participants
could not provide.
Since the 1970s, those involved in oral history have been engaged in debates on the
nature and reliability of memory in personal narratives.
27
Whose memory is it, the storyteller’s
or someone else’s? Is the memory influenced by anecdotal accounts or other information
consciously or unconsciously internalised by storytellers? Is the memory accurate? Has the
narrator intentionally left things out, if so what is that telling us? What do silences reveal? Are
oral sources, as Curthoys and McGrath posit, merely indications of subjectivity, of feelings
and ideas about the past seen through the lens of the present?
28
Or is it as Maynes, Pierce
and Laslett contend that “personal narratives are contextualised by, reflect on, and explore
the individual’s place in collective events and historical time” when given the opportunity by
25
Maynes, M., Pierce, J. L., & Laslett, B. (2008), Telling Stories: The Use of Personal Narratives in the
Social Sciences and History (New York: Cornell University Press), p. 1.
26
Ibid. p. 45.
27
Curthoys & McGrath, Op Cit. p. 91. See for example Maynes, Pierce, & Laslett, Op Cit. Perks, R. &
Thomson, A. (eds.) (2006), The Oral History Reader (2nd edn., London: Routledge Taylor & Francis
Group).
Ritchie, D. A. (2003), Doing Oral History (2nd edn.; Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Leyesdorff, S., Passerini, L., & Thompson, P. (eds.) (1996), Gender and Memory (International
Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, IV; Oxford: Oxford University Press). Samuel, R. &
Thompson, P. (eds.) (1990), The Myths We Live By (London: Routledge).
Passerini, L. (1987),
Fascism in Popular Memory. The Cultural Experience of the Turin Working Class, trans. Robert
Lumley and Jude Bloomfield (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Portelli, (1981),Op Cit.
Thompson, P. (1978), The Voice of the Past: Oral History (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
28
Curthoys & McGrath, Op Cit. p. 91.
59
the researcher to historicize their lives?
29
Both viewpoints are plausible. In the case of
several participants, their stories of Wittenoom have blurred with the revelations which
surfaced much later regarding what the asbestos industry had known about asbestos
hazards. By contrast, others have been able to distinguish their lives as they were then from
the historical information with which they now contextualise their experiences.
Should we accept Portelli’s summation that oral testimony will never be the same
twice? While the participants in this research, whom I visited on more than one occasion,
may not have told their stories in exactly the same fashion, common threads nonetheless
appeared in their retelling one and two years later; particularly their descriptions of the life
and conditions in Wittenoom. Portelli nevertheless rightly argues that interviews, even if they
can be continued, will always be inherently incomplete because the data collected will always
be the result of a selection produced by the mutual relationship between the researcher and
the participant at a particular point in time.
30
With these considerations in mind, Bryman and Burgess’ caution to qualitative
researchers that “it is always essential…to bear in mind that the data available for analysis
are only as good as the data that are recorded” is warranted.
31
Who and how does one
decide about the quality of data: the oral, the visual and the written? To critically assess the
use of documents, Bryman uses a set of criteria developed by Scott to determine the quality
of the data based on authenticity, credibility, representativeness and meaning.
32
The various
positions of historians and sociologists with regard to these four criteria, both within and
across these two disciplines, suggest how contentious an issue the use of personal
narratives has been in academia, and the apparent superior quality of the written word.
33
Yet
if rigour in the writing of a history is to be achieved then Portelli’s caution needs to be
considered.
29
Maynes, Pierce & Laslett, Op Cit. pp. 43-4.
30
Portelli (1981),Op Cit. p. 104.
31
Bryman, A. & Burgess, R. G. (1999), 'Qualitative research methodology: A review', in Bryman, A. &
Burgess, R. G. (eds.), Fundamental Issues in Qualitative Research (1; London: Sage), p. xxi.
32
Bryman, A. (2004), Social Research Methods 2nd edn; (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 381.
Scott, J. (1990), A Matter of Record (Cambridge: Polity), p.6.
33
See, for example, Bryman & Burgess, Op Cit. Portelli (1981), Op Cit. Maynes, Pierce & Laslett, Op
Cit.
60
Written and oral sources are not mutually exclusive. They
have common characteristics as well as autonomous and
specific functions which only either one can fill (or which
one set of sources fills better than the other); therefore,
they require different and specific interpretative
instruments. But the undervaluing and the overvaluing of
oral sources end up by cancelling out specific qualities,
turning them either into mere supports for traditional
written sources or into an illusory cure for all ills.
34
Historians and sociologists have gone some way in clarifying the arguments for the
place and the various functions of individual storytelling and the use of documentary
evidence in the reconstruction of events located in historically specific times and settings.
These arguments provide the necessary scaffolding for researchers to position their findings
and to approach their analyses. Maynes, Pierce and Laslett, for example, use a range of
empirical studies to outline the issues which one needs to consider to make sense of
personal narratives: agency and the potential for the individual to have also acted in other
ways; the subjectivity of an individual’s motivation to act; the intersubjectivity between the
analyst and storyteller; the positioning of personal narratives in a specific historical context
and the various narrative genres employed by a storyteller, embedded in their particular
storytelling tradition.
35
Letters, diary entries and newspaper accounts, also utilized in oral history, fill gaps
created by an individual storyteller’s fading memory.
36
These help with diminished recall of
the salient points of an event as the distance between the event and its retelling widens.
Often the people who could have provided the firsthand accounts to the historical context
have died, with only their available letters, memoranda, newspaper articles, or as in my case,
surviving relatives remaining to shed light on the topic. No doubt many Wittenoom Italians’
letters would have contained accounts of their migration experiences, but none of the people
I met seemed to have kept them. During my fieldwork I came across only one letter,
reproduced in Covelli et al, written by a former Wittenoom worker and his wife, both now
34
Portelli (1981), Op Cit. p. 97.
35
Maynes, Pierce & Laslett, Op Cit.
36
Bryman & Burgess, Op Cit. p. xx.
61
deceased, which gave some insight into what life was like in Wittenoom and why they
remained in Australia rather than repatriating.
37
In the field of visual documentary sources, while photographs, films and video provide
essential evidence for the researcher, there have still been debates regarding their purpose
and their limitations.
38
In my case, the photographs participants allowed me to copy have
“provided an immediate window into times past”.
39
They have aided in the triangulation of
events described during an individual’s storytelling and/or provided other information to
enrich further the accounts of the Wittenoom Italians’ everyday lives, as did several of the
Motley Rice Plaintiffs’ Exhibits.
As I proceeded it became apparent that the 600 or so Motley Rice Plaintiffs’ Exhibits I
had been given contained information which would prove invaluable to produce a balanced
and in-depth account of events outside the control and awareness of the Italian workers.
Alessandro Portelli’s observations regarding the provenance of written sources and the
inherent underlying connection between oral narratives and the written text reflect my own
view that written sources, in the first instance, have been derived from oral contexts and later
transformed into some form of written text.
40
Portelli reminds us that “what is written is first
experienced or seen, and is subject to distortions even before it is set down on paper”,
distortions which, he tells the reader, continue during the drafting stage.
41
This type of
distortion can also happen during the transcription of a recorded interview or its translation
into another language.
42
Where, for example, a researcher has made a personal judgement
about relevance, sections may be intentionally discarded or some may be unintentionally left
out due to lapse in concentration. This happened with my own transcriptions and
translations, which I only realised when I cross-checked some of the recorded interviews with
my transcribed and translated texts. These are the issues to which I have paid heed, to make
sense of participants’ stories.
37
Covelli et al, Op Cit. p. 127.
38
Bryman & Burgess, Op Cit. pp. xxii, xxiii.
39
Curthoys & McGrath, Op Cit. p. 82.
40
Portelli (1981),Op Cit. p. 101.
41
Ibid. p. 101.
42
Ibid. p. 97.
62
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