104
Yet within two years of CSR’s acquisition
of the mining leases, Inspector of Mines Adams
informed the State Mining Engineer “good miners [to Wittenoom] are scarce even in peace
time as they prefer the amenities of Kalgoorlie to the crudities of the Yampire Gorge”; a view
confirmed by ticketed Australian miners who went to Wittenoom in the 1940s, but quickly
left.
33
The poor working conditions in the mine contributed to the transient workforce (see
figures 23 & 24).
Before his decision to emigrate, Pio Panizza had worked on
the Bissina Dam project,
in the Italian Alps of the Trentino Alto Adige in the 1950s. He arrived in Wittenoom in 1959,
long after Inspector Adams’ report on the dusty conditions and the departure of most of the
Lombard and Vermiglio miners. By this time the move from the Wittenoom Gorge mine to the
new, improved Colonial mine and mill had occurred. This move had had more to do with
increasing production than an attempt to improve the working conditions. Pio Panizza, like
the Lombard and Vermiglio miners, was shocked by the conditions he found in the mine.
Panizza’s uncle, Attilio Slanzi, had suggested he go to Wittenoom as a miner if he
wanted to
earn good money. It would seem uncle Attilio had forgotten the letter he had penned to the
Italian Consul in April 1951 about the conditions.
34
Panizza refused the work. “When I saw
that I would have to go for eight hours into that mine... I felt sick”, he told me.
35
The Italian
supervisor decided to put him to work driving the locomotives which transported the ore to
the mill. He would not have stayed at Wittenoom otherwise. In any case he lasted less than a
year, due to an accident (see figure 25).
Given the crammed working conditions in the stopes, each morning
as the miners
prepared for work, they must have questioned the pronouncement on the company
signboard which greeted them as they entered the mine: “Australian Blue Asbestos Pty. Ltd.
Let us strive to make it a happier place to work” (see figure 26).
36
The workers strived to
make the money required for them to leave, but CSR’s attempts to improve
conditions in the
workplace would always be spasmodic. Day shift workers were up early. Giacomo Bevacqua
33
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10571: Inspector of Mines Adams writing to the State Mining
Engineer, 24 October 1945. See Williams, Op Cit for an account of a ticketed Australian miner’s view
of Wittenoom.
34
Hills, Op Cit. pp. 36-37.
35
Interview with Pio and Miriam Panizza, Italy, November 2008.
36
Michael Ryan, 1966, 'DEATH of a TOWN',
The Age, Friday, 9 December.
105
was out of bed by 6.30 a.m. and needed to “be quick or I would miss the bus”, he told me.
“You had breakfast at the mess, made your lunch and caught the bus at 7 a.m.” The choice
of breakfast available in the working man’s mess was typically Australian: baked beans,
bacon, fried eggs, poached eggs and lamb chops. While not what the men would have eaten
in Italy, they adapted. At least two Italians — Tony Martino and Giovanni Caffieri — spent
part of their working day as bus drivers, transporting the men to and from the mine and mill.
37
If the worker missed the bus, he missed his shift. To reach their workplace (about 11
kilometres from the town) the bus went along a winding, rocky road which
ended up at the
picturesque Wittenoom Gorge. In the rainy season, when the road flooded the men were
unable to get to work (see figures 27-29).
Some fifty years later, Pio Panizza still remembered much of the workings of the
mine. The reason for his refusal to work in the conditions becomes evident in his description
of the work, confirmed by the
accounts of Giacomo Bevacqua, Antonio Casella, Tullio
Rodigari and Ezio Belintende. The men worked in stopes (shafts) 70 centimetres (32 inches)
high, bent over for eight hours a day. The mine, which contained six or seven layers of
asbestos, had been dug into the mountain side, with a single entry tunnel. The locomotives
entered via this tunnel to collect the ore. A miner carried his own work tools, explosives and a
drill, as he walked about 100 to 200 metres to the stope face. He then dug the holes and
planted the dynamite. All the charges were ignited simultaneously at the end of the shift.
Another team then went in to create an open area and the support pillars (the
area of host
rock which had not been blasted) to hold up the roof. The width of these support pillars was
three to four metres. Once these tasks had been completed, a team of scrapers went in to
remove the blasted rock containing the asbestos fibre.
37
Interviews with Tony and Gina Martino, Perth, November 2010; Maria Detoni and Nadia De
Laurentis, Perth, December 2010.