2-amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Laboratoriya shtativi, spirt lampa, gaz gorelkalari bilan ishlash
usullari, alanganing tuzilishini o‘rganish .................................................................. 12
4-§. Atom-molekular ta’limot. Atom va molekulalarning realligi (mavjudligi).
Kimyoviy element, kimyoviy belgi ........................................................................... 15
5-§. Atomlarning o‘lchami. Nisbiy va absolut massa ................................................. 19
6-§. Kimyoviy modda – atom va molekulalar uyushmasi ............................................... 20
7-§. Molekular va nomolekular moddalar ....................................................................... 21
8-§. Sof modda va aralashma ........................................................................................... 22
3-amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Ifloslangan osh tuzini tozalash ..................................................... 25
9-§. Oddiy va murakkab moddalar .................................................................................. 26
10-§. Moddaning agregat holatlari .................................................................................... 28
11-§. Kimyoviy formula va undan kelib chiqadigan xulosalar. Valentlik. Indekslar
haqida tushuncha ............................................................................................. 30
12-§. Molekulalarning o‘lchami, nisbiy va absolut massasi. Mol va molar massa.
Avogadro doimiysi .................................................................................................. 33
13-§. Moddalarning xossalari: fizik va kimyoviy o‘zgarishlar ....................................... 35
14-§. Kimyoviy reaksiyalarning sodir bo‘lishi. Kimyoviy reaksiya tenglamalari.
Koeffitsientlar ........................................................................................................... 36
15-§. Tarkibning doimiylik qonuni ................................................................................... 40
16-§. Massaning saqlanish qonuni ................................................................................... 42
17-§. Ekvivalentlik qonuni ............................................................................................... 43
18-§. Avogadro qonuni. Molar hajm ................................................................................. 45
19-§. Kimyoviy reaksiya turlari ........................................................................................ 47
I bobga doir masalalr yechish
........................................................................................ 49
I bob yuzasidan test topshiriqlari
.............................................................................. 55
157
II bob. Kislorod
20-§. Kislorod kimyoviy elementi ..................................................................................... 58
21-§. Kislorod – oddiy modda ........................................................................................... 60
22-§. Kislorodning kimyoviy xossalari. Biologik ahamiyati va ishlatilishi ...................... 62
23-§. Kislorodning tabiatda aylanishi. Havo va uning tarkibi. Havoni ifloslanishdan
saqlash ............................................................................................................ 64
24-§. Yonish. Yo‘nilg‘ilarning turlari ............................................................................. 66
4-amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Kislorod olish va uning xossalari bilan tanishish ......................... 68
II bob yuzasidan test topshiriqlari
............................................................................ 70
III bob. Vodorod
25-§. Vodorod kimyoviy elementi ................................................................................... 71
26-§. Kislotalar haqida dastlabki tushunchalar ................................................................. 73
27-§. Vodorodning olinishi ................................................................................................ 74
28-§. Vodorod – oddiy modda. Uning formulasi va molar massasi. Vodorodning fizik
va kimyoviy xossalari ................................................................................................. 76
29-§. Vodorod – sof ekologik yonilg‘i. Ishlatilishi ........................................................... 78
III bobga doir masalalar yechish
................................................................................... 79
III bob yuzasidan test topshiriqlari
............................................................................... 82
IV bob. Suv va eritmalar
30-§. Suv – murakkab modda. ...................................................................................... 84
31-§. Suvning fizik va kimyoviy xossalari ........................................................................ 85
32-§. Suvning tabiatda tarqalishi. Uning tirik organizmlar hayotidagi ahamiyati,
sanoatda ishla
tilishi ................................................................................................. 87
33-§. Suv havzalarini ifloslanishdan saqlash choralari. Suvni tozalash usullari ............... 88
34-§. Suv – eng yaxshi erituvchi. Eruvchanlik ................................................................. 89
35-§. Eritmalar va ularning konsentratsiyalari haqida tushuncha ..................................... 92
36-§. Eritmada erigan moddaning massa ulushi, foiz, molar va normal
konsentratsiyasi ...................................................................................................... 94
37-§. Eritmalarning inson hayotidagi ahamiyati ............................................................. 96
5-amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Erigan moddaning konsentratsiyasi ma’lum bo‘lgan eritmalarini
tayyorlash ................................................................................................................. 97
6- amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Tuproqning suvli eritmasini tayyorlash va unda ishqor
borligini aniqlash ...................................................................................................... 98
IV bobga doir masalalar yechish
.................................................................................. 99
IV bob yuzasidan test topshiriqlari
............................................................................. 101
158
V bob. Anorganik moddalarning eng muhim sinflari
5.1. Moddalarning toifalanishi
38-§. Metallmaslar va metallar ........................................................................................ 103
39-§. Murakkab moddalarning toifalanishi ..................................................................... 105
5.2. Oksidlar
40-§. Oksidlarning tarkibi, tuzilishi va nomlanishi ....................................................... 106
41-§. Oksidlarning toifalanishi ...................................................................................... 108
42-§. Oksidlarning olinishi va xossalari ......................................................................... 109
43-§. Eng muhim oksidlarning ishlatilishi ..................................................................... 111
5.3. Asoslar
44-§. Asoslarning tarkibi, tuzilishi va nomlanishi .......................................................... 113
45-§. Asoslarning toifalanishi ........................................................................................ 114
46-§. Asoslarning olinishi va xossalari .......................................................................... 115
47-§. Eng muhim asoslarning ishlatilishi ....................................................................... 117
5.4. Kislotalar
48-§. Kislotalar tarkibi, tuzilishi va nomlanishi ............................................................ 118
49-§. Kislotalarning toifalanishi .................................................................................... 120
50-§. Kislotalarning olinishi va xossalari ...................................................................... 121
7- amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Sulfat kislota bilan mis (II)-oksid, shuningdek, temir (III)-oksid
orasidagi almashinish reaksiyalarini olib borish va reaksiya mahsulotlarini
eritmadan ajratish ................................................................................................... 125
51-§. Eng muhim kislotalarning ishlatilishi .................................................................... 126
5.5. Tuzlar
52-§. Tuzlar tarkibi, tuzilishi va nomlanishi ................................................................. 129
53-§. Tuzlar formulalarining ifodalanishi ....................................................................... 131
54-§. Tuzlarning toifalanishi .......................................................................................... 132
55-§. Tuzlarning olinishi va xossalari ............................................................................. 133
56-§. Eng muhim tuzlarning ishlatilishi .......................................................................... 137
V bob yuzasidan test topshiriqlari
.............................................................................. 139
VI bob. Oksidlar, asoslar, kislotalar va tuzlarning o‘zaro genetik bog‘lanishi
57-§. Oksid, asos, kislota va tuzlarning olinishi .............................................................. 141
8-amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Anorganik birikmalarning eng muhim sinflariga oid bilimlarni
umumlashtirish yuzasidan tajribaviy masalalar yechish ............................................. 143
VI bob yuzasidan test topshiriqlari
........................................................................... 145
Laboratoriya ishlari
...................................................................................................... 147
O‘quv nashri
ASQAROV IBROHIMJON RAHMONOVICH
TO‘XTABOYEV NOZIMJON HOSHIMOVICH
G‘OPIROV KAMOLIDDIN
KIMYO
Umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktablarining
7-sinfi uchun darslik
Qayta ishlangan to‘rtinchi nashr
«Sharq» nashriyot-matbaa
aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi
Bosh tahririyati
Toshkent – 2013
Muharrir Akbar Bahromov
Badiiy muharrir Tolib Qanoatov
Texnik muharrir Ra’no Boboxonova
Sahifalovchi Mastura Atxamova
Musahhihalar: Sharofat Xurramova, Ma’mura Ziyamuhamedova
Nashr litsenziyasi AI № 201, 28.08.2011-yil.
Terishga berildi 10.11.2012. Bosishga ruxsat etildi 17.04.2013. Bichimi 70x90
1
/
16
. Ofset
bosma. «TimesNewRoman» garniturasi. Kegli 12; 11 shponli. Shartli bosma tabog‘i 11,70.
Nashriyot-hisob tabog‘i 10,98. Adadi 366 597 nusxa. 2906-son buyurtma.
«Sharq» nashriyot-matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi bosmaxonasi,
100000, Toshkent shahri, «Buyuk Turon», 41.
Ijaraga berilgan darslik holatini ko‘rsatuvchi jadval
T/r
1
2
3
4
5
6
O‘quvchi ning
ismi va
familiyasi
O‘quv yili
Darslik ning
olingandagi
holati
Sinf rah-
barining
imzosi
Darslikning
topshiril-
gandagi
holati
Sinf rah-
barining
imzosi
Darslik ijaraga berilib, o4quv yili yakunida qaytarib olinganda
yuqoridagi jadval sinf rahbari tomonidan quyidagi mezonlarga asosan
to4ldiri ladi:
Yangi
Yaxshi
Qoniqarli
Qoniqarsiz
Darslikning birinchi marotaba foydalanishga berilgandagi holati.
Muqova butun, darslikning asosiy qismidan ajralmagan. Barcha
varaqlari mavjud, yirtilmagan, ko4chmagan, betla
rida yozuv va chi
-
ziqlar yo4q.
Muqova ezilgan, birmuncha chizilib, chetlari yedirilgan, darslikning
asosiy qismidan ajralish holati bor, foydala
nuvchi tomonidan
qoniqarli ta’mirlangan. Ko4chgan varaq
lari qayta ta’mirlangan,
ayrim betla
riga chizilgan.
Muqovaga chizilgan, yirtilgan, asosiy qismidan ajralgan yoki butun-
lay yo4q, qoniqarsiz ta’mirlangan. Betlari yirtilgan, varaqlari
yetishmaydi, chizib, bo4yab tashlangan. Darslikni tiklab bo4lmaydi.
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