Second edition

Presentation,, Practice and Production (PPP)
View of language: grammatical structures and functions are the most important aspect of language.
View of language learning: language is learnt by first seeing new language in a context which shows its meaning, practising it in controlled and guided conditions, then using it in freer conditions which give the learner less language support.
Classroom practices:
© The syllabus focuses on grammatical structures or functions.
© Lessons move from the presentation stage to the practice stage to the production stage.
© Learners should not be allowed to make mistakes during the practice stage.
© The teacher inputs language (provides examples and gives information about it), and guides students.
@ The learners are guided by the teacher and do not make decisions about what or how to learn.
© Typical activities are situational presentations and miming at the presentation stage, drills at the controlled practice stage, role-plays and information-gap activities at the production stage.
Lexical Approach
View of language: vo ca bn 1 a г у is the most i rnp or ta nt a sp e et of language. Voca b u 1 a г у consists of individual words and different kinds of chunks (see Unit 2} such as collocations, idioms, fixed expressions.
View of language learning: language is learnt by learning chunks as whole and complete units. Chunks need to be noticed by learners in order to he learnt, i.e. learners need to become aware of chunks and focus on them.
Classroom practices:
® The syllabus focuses on lexis.
• Learners work with authentic written or spoken texts in the classroom.
© Learners are given activities which encourage them to notice chunks in texts, e.g. noting them down, underlining them.
® After noticing chunks, learners are asked to carry out tasks which will involve them in using the chunks.