2. MAIN PART
Semasiology (from Greek: σημασία, semasia, "signification") is a discipline of linguistics concerned with the question
"what does the word X mean?". It studies the meaning of words regardless how they are pronounced.
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A branch of the study of language concerned with the meaning of words and word equivalents is called semasiology. The
name comes from the Greek semasia "signification" (from sema 'sign')- Words play an important part in the structure of language.
So when we speak of semasiology, we refer to the study of word -meaning, although it is in fact very common to analyse the
semantics of other elements, not only the words, but suffixes, prefixes, etc. The term "sema" means meaning of words. Meaning is
one of the most controversial terms in the theory of language. The scientific definition of meaning has been the problem in many
discussions, but still no one definition became universal. The word meaning has different connections. There are two main
approaches to this problem: referential and functional. The first formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the
interdependence between words and things which they denote. The second studies the functions of a word in speech. The feature of
this approach is that it distinguishes between the three components closely connected with meaning: sound form, concept (notion),
and reality.
The exact meaning of semasiology is somewhat obscure. It is often used as a synonym of semantics (the study of the meaning of
words, phrases, and longer forms of expression).
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However, semasiology is also sometimes considered part of lexical semantics, a
narrow subfield of lexicology (the study of words) and semantics.
The term was first used in German by Christian Karl Reisig in 1825 in his work, [Lectures on Latin Linguistics]
(German: Vorlesungen über lateinische Sprachwissenschaft), and was used in English by 1847. Semantics replaced it in its original
meaning, beginning in 1893.
The knowledge of semantic change helps us to understand the semantic structure of the words at the present stays of their
development. The meaning of the word changes in the course of historical development, e.g. the word "glad" had the meaning
bright, the word "husband" meant the master of the house. Discussing the causes of semantic change, we pay attention to the
factors bringing about this change and try to find out why and how the word changed its meaning. There are twc factors, which
bring semantic changes:
1. extralinguistic factors;
2. linguistic factors.
By extralinguistic causes we understand various changes in the life of people, changes in economic and social structure, way of life
and other spheres of human activities. E.g. the word "car" is formed from the Latin word "carrus" which meant four-wheeled
transport (cart): the word "mill" had the meaning (ручная мельница), now it has the meaning (крупная индустриальная
компания). Some changes of meaning may be described by linguistic causes, i.e. (that is) factors acting within the language. Some
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Словарь литературных терминов, семасиология (ru. Dictionary of literary terms,
semasiology)
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