2. MAIN PART
By classification of speech, we focus on the sorting of speech sounds into categories which can be seen in what is called the
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The IPA is a framework that uses a single symbol to describe each distinct sound in the
language and can be found in dictionaries and in textbooks worldwide. For example, the noun ‘fish’ has four letters, but the IPA
presents this as three sounds: f i ʃ, where ‘ʃ’ stands for the ‘sh’ sound.
Phonetics as an interdisciplinary science has many applications. This includes its use in forensic investigations when trying to work
out whose voice is behind a recording. Another use is its role in language teaching and learning, either when learning a first
language or when trying to learn a foreign language. This section of the website will look at some of the branches of phonetics as
well as the transcription of speech and some history behind phonetics.
Phonetics Vs. Phonology – the key differences
Phonetics looks at the physical production of sounds, focusing on which vocal organs are interacting with each other and how close
these vocal organs are in relation to one another. Phonetics also looks at the concept of voicing, occurring at the pair of muscles
found in your voice box, also known as the Adam’s apple. If the vocal folds are vibrating, this creates voicing and any sound
made in this way are called voiced sounds, for example “z”. If the vocal folds are not vibrating, this does not lead to voicing and
creates a voiceless sound e.g. “s”. You can observe this yourself by placing two fingers upon your voice box and saying “z” and
“s” repeatedly. You should feel vibrations against your finger when saying “z” but no vibrations when saying “s”.
Phonology however is associated more with the abstract properties of sounds, as it is about how these categories are stored
in the mind. Phonetics also describes certain properties as being gradient such as voicing where we can compare the length of
voicing between two sounds. For example in French, [b] is voiced for longer than English [b]. In Phonology, these segments are
simply defined categorically as being voiced or voiceless, regardless of these subtle differences.
Phonetics studies the sound system of the language, i.e. segmental phonemes, word stress, syllabic structure and
intonation. It is primarily concerned with speech production (how sounds are made by speakers), speech perception (how sounds
are perceived by listeners) and speech analysis (how sound waves can be processed and described). It follows from this, that
phonetics is a basic branch of linguistics: no language description is complete without phonetics, the science concerned with the
spoken medium of language.
The subject matter of theoretical phoneticsisthe study of the sound patterns of language, of how a spoken language functions as a
“code” (phonology). Theoretical Phonetics regards phonetic phenomena synchronically without any special attention paid to the
historical development of English. The course of theoretical phonetics is aimed at discussing those problems of modern phonetic
science which are strongly concerned with English language teaching. The teacher must be sure that what he teaches is
1
O'Grady 2005
, p. 15.
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