2. MAIN PART
The initial, or primary, processes of nomination are an extremely rare phenomenon in modern languages: the nominative
inventory of a language is replenished mainly through borrowings or secondary nomination, that is, the use in the act of nomination
of the phonetic appearance of an already existing unit as a name for a new designation. The results of the primary nomination are
perceived by native speakers as primitives: sea, drink, blink, kvass, black. The productivity of such nominations can only be
disclosed by etymological (see. Etymology) or historical analysis. The results of the secondary nomination are perceived as
derivatives in terms of morphological composition or meaning. The methods of secondary nomination differ depending on the
linguistic means used to create new names, and on the nature of the relationship "name - reality"[1;45-46].
By the type of means of nomination, the following are distinguished: word formation as a regular way of creating new
words and meanings, syntactic transposition, in which morphological means indicate a change in syntactic function while
maintaining the lexical meaning (compare "friend", "befriend", "friendship"), semantic transposition , which does not change the
material appearance of the rethought unit and leads to the formation of polysemantic words, as well as phraseological units of
various types.
By the nature of the name's indication of reality, 2 types of secondary nomination are distinguished - autonomous and
non-autonomous, or indirect. Autonomous nomination is based on one name [cf. "Skin" - 1) the outer cover of the human or animal
body and 2) the shell of some fruits, peel; Steep - 1) steep, steep and 2) with a sharp sudden change of direction]. Secondary
meanings of words, acquiring an independent nominative function, are able to autonomously indicate reality. The patterns of
choice and combination of lexical units depend in this case only on their inherent meaning, which is therefore defined as free. A
distinctive feature of non-autonomous nomination is the use of combinatorial language techniques in the process of forming a new
linguistic unit. The latter always correlates with its designated indirectly - through the semantically supporting name for the given
combination: in combinations of "tough disposition", "tough measures", the adjective "tough" is related to the designated "severe",
"strict" only through the reference names "temper", "measures"; Wed also "slave of the passions", where the word "slave" denotes
the bearer of the trait called by the supporting names. Secondary meanings of this type are deprived of the ability to indicate the
world autonomously ("solid" - about the consistency of objects and "solid" in the meaning of "unshakable", which is realized only
in combination with the words "character", "will", "decision", etc.., cf. a similar ratio: to come somewhere and to be delighted,
worm and worm of doubt, crash and crash of hopes, black and black coffee or black caviar"). The choice of words that have a
meaning of this type depends on the choice of semantically key words for them, in combination with which the former realize the
meaning assigned to them, which is called the associated one. The formation of idiom phraseological units proceeds as a semantic
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |