Scheme of Work Cambridge International as & a level

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Extension activity: Learners explain the difference between conduction in unmyelinated and myelinated neurones, and research disorders in which myelin is lost (e.g. multiple sclerosis). Images are at: www.bu.edu/histology/m/t_electr.htm
www.conncad.com/gallery/spines_boutons_synapses.html

15.1.10 Describe the roles of neuromuscular junctions, transverse system tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum in stimulating contraction in striated muscle.

15.1.11 Describe the ultrastructure of striated muscle with reference to sarcomere structure using electron micrographs and diagrams.

15.1.12 Explain the sliding filament model of muscular contraction including the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, calcium ions and ATP.

Show electron micrographs to learners so that they see that striated muscle is voluntary. In skeletal muscle, the multinucleate cells are also known as muscle fibres and contain a bundle of myofibrils. An example is: www.bu.edu/histology/p/21601ooa.htm

Provide learners with a range of simple items such as string, elastic bands, toothpicks, cotton buds, and so on. Challenge them to produce a moving product to illustrate the sliding filament model. For example, the toothpicks and cotton buds could be used to represent actin and myosin. Learners should take photographs and videos of their models for future reference. (I)

Learners sort cards containing details of the sequence of events occurring following depolarisation at the synaptic terminal of the motor neurone end with calcium ion release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Learners use the final, ordered cards to produce a written account, or a flow chart diagram, summarising the sequence of events occurring from the arrival of an action potential at the synaptic terminal of the motor neurone to the contraction of the sarcomere. (I)

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