SaqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti biznes-inJineringis fakulteti ekonikuri kvlevis meTodebi

5. alfred marSalisa da jon meinard keinsis homo oeconomicus

alfred marSalma da kembrijulma skolam guldasmiT gadaxeda adre arsebul `ekonomikuri adamianis~ modelebs da gadadga nabiji marJinalizmis da klasikis sinTezisTvis ekonomikur anTropologiaSi. garda amisa, homo oeconomicus-is ganmarteba marSalTan, vfiqrobT, ara marto Teoriulia, aramed ufro fsiqologiuri da praqtikuli. praqtikaSi ki realur adamians SeuZlia iyos ara marto egoisti, aramed altruistic, amasTan gaxldeT ara marto mkacrad racionaluri, aramed impulsuric da ganuWvretelic.

`maT (ekonomistebs) saqme aqvT adamianTan, romelic Tavis sameurneo cxovrebaSi xelmZRvanelobs umeteswilad egoisturi motovebiT da aseTive zomiT iTvaliswinebs sxvaTa egoistur motivebs, adamianTan, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia rogorc pativmoyvareoba da udardeloba, aseve Tavisi samuSaos kargad Sesrulebis procesiT tkbobis gancda an mzaoba Tavis msxverplad Sewirvis ojaxis, mezoblebis an Tavisi qveynisTvis, adamianTan, romlisTvisac ucxo araa cxovrebis zneobrivi (saTno) wesisken ltolva~.

kidev ufro adre marSalma Tavs neba misca ironiuli mosazreba gamoeTqva homo oeconomicus-is wina sqemebTan dakavSirebiT. igi aRniSnavda, rom zneobrivi motivebic agreTve Sedioda im ZalTa ricxvSi, romlebic ekonomists unda gaeTvaliswinebina. marTalia, iyo mcdeloba, aegoT raRac abstraqtuli mecniereba `ekonomikuri adamianis~ moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavisufali iqneboda yovelgvari zneobrivi principebisgan, iqneboda angariSiani da energiuli, magram amasTan erTad meTodurad da egoisturad moipovebda fuls, Tumca yvela es mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda... arc erTi maTgani ar ganixilavda ekonomikur adamians, rogorc wminda egoists... yovelTvis igulisxmeboda, rom adamianis saqmianobis normaluri Semagulianebeli motivebi moicavda ojaxTan mWidrod damakavSirebel grZnobebs. maS, ratom ar SeiZleboda, rom am grZnobebTan erTad gvegulisxma misi sxva altruistuli motivebic?!

Sedegad, marSalis mixedviT, ekonomistebi qmnian `ekonomikuri adamianis~ TavianT abstraqtul models, romelic, marTalia, abstraqtulia, miuxedavad amisa, mainc SeiZleba CaiTvalos realuri homo oeconomicus-is sruliad Sesabamisad.

rac Seexeba jon meinard keinss, misi `ekonomikuri adamiani~ `Rrmadaa Camaluli~ `zogadi Teoriis~ funqciur mikro- da makroekonomikur analizSi da mxolod xandaxan `gamoyofs~ iqidan `Tavs~. magaliTad, es xdeba maSin, roca keinsi ikvlevs calkeuli individis `moxmarebisken midrekilebis~ problemas. igi askvnis, rom ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri kanoni isaa, rom adamianebs, rogorc wesi, midrekileba aqvT gazardon TavianTi moxmareba Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, Tumca ara im zomiT, ra zomiTac gaizarda maTi Semosavali.

an maSin, roca keinsi aanalizebs investiciebisgan SesaZlo Semosavlebis problemas. aq igi im daskvnamde midis, rom informaciis ukmarisobis Sedegad adamians ar SeuZlia zusti prognozis gakeTeba. igi aRniSnavs: `sakmaod niSandoblivi faqtia im cnobaTa arasaimedooba, romelTa safuZvelzec Cven gvixdeba gavaanalizoT savaraudo Semosavali. Cveni codna faqtebze, romlebic gansazRvravs investiciebisgan Semosavals ramdenime wlis Semdeg, sakmaod sustia, xSirad ki Zalze mwiri~.

keinsis `ekonomikuri adamianis~ Sesaxeb zogadi daxasiaTeba SeiZleba SevajamoT v.s. avtonomovis sityvebiT: keinsis Teoriul sistemas safuZlad edo arasruli informaciis wanamZRvari, romelic xelmisawvdomi iyo ekonomikuri subieqtebisTvis. am farglebSi maTi qceva savsebiT racionaluria... eqstremalur SemTxvevebSi ki, magaliTad winakrizisuli panikis dros, aseTma racionalurobam savsebiT SeiZleba adgili dauTmos srul iracionalurobas nebismieri sazomiT. arasruli informacia gzas uxsnis molodins, iluziebs, ganwyobebs da sxva fsiqologiur faqtorebs, romlebic amaxinjebs racionaluri gaTvlis logikas.

6. neoklasikuri sinTezi da neoinstitucionalizmi `ekonomikuri adamianis~ Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove ekonomiqsis saxiT neoklasikurma midgomam sistemaSi moiyvana homo oeconomicus-is Sesaxeb yvela codna dagrovili wina ekonomikuri Teoriis mier. racionalurobis koncefciam centraluri adgili daikava neoklasikur anTropologiaSi, magram masSi aranaklebi yuradReba eTmoba `ekonomikuri adamianis~ egocentrizms da mis mudmiv swrafvas, gaakeTos maqsimizebuli arCevani sxvadasxva dovlaTsa da resurss Soris.

k. makoneli da s. briu amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnaven, rom ekonomistebi adamianTa da institutTa moqmedebebSi eZeben racionalurobas da mizanswrafvas. aseTi mizanswrafva gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi individualurad an koleqtiurad TavianTi gadawyvetilebebis dros akeTeben arCevans, axdenen ra danaxarjebis da sargeblis Sepirispirebas.

aseTi arCevanis mizani isev da isev momdinareobs adam smitisgan: esaa _ piradi interesi gazomili `danaxarjebi _ sargeblis~ rakursSi.

am mecnierTa azriT, muSebis, mwarmoeblebis (mewarmeebis) da momxmareblebis ekonomikur moqmedebebs agreTve moaqvs piradi ekonomikuri sargebeli. magaliTad, muSebi iReben xelfass, mewarmeebi _ mogebas, momxmareblebi _ dakmayofilebas. rodesac iReben gadawyvetilebas, rogor daxarjon TavianTi dro, ra produqtebi iyidon, imuSaon TuUar imuSaon, ra saqoneli awarmoon da gayidon da a.S., adamianebi erTmaneTs upirispireben SesaZlo sargebels danaxarjebTan. Tuki pirdapiri sargebeli aWarbebs pirdapir danaxarjebs, aseTi moqmedeba mizanSewonilia ganaxorcielon. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu danaxarjebi aRmoCndeba pirdapir sargebelze meti, maSin aseTi moqmedeba araracionaluria da misi ganxorcieleba saWiro araa.

aRorZinebulma institucionalurma skolam (`axali institucionalizmi~, neoinstitucionalizmi) `ekonomikuri adamianis~ mimarT gamoiyena istoriuli, evoluciuri midgoma. neoinstitucionalistebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia homo oeconomicus-is ganxilva, rogorc cvladisa institutTa moqmedebebis mixedviT, ise Tavad am institutebis Semcvlelisa. kerZod, nobelis premiis laureatma duglas nortma am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aseTi azri gamoTqva:

`adamianebi aviTareben da cvlian institutebs, amitom Cveni Teoria unda iwyebodes individidan. amavdroulad institutebis mier dawesebuli SezRudva adamianis arCevanze gavlenas axdens Tavad individze~ (1, ix. gv. 26).

7. `ekonomikuri adamianis~ Tanamedrove modeli

aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianis modelis `erTiani~, `klasikuri~ gansazRvra Tanamedrove ekonomikur mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs. zogadad `ekonomikuri adamianis~ modeli unda Seicavdes faqtorTa sam jgufs, romlebic adamianis miznebs ganasaxierebs, saSualebebs maT misaRwevad (rogorc sagnobrivs, ise idealurs) da informacias (codnas) procesebis Sesaxeb, romelTa wyalobiTac saSualebebs mivyavarT miznebamde (yvelaze mniSvnelovani am procesebidan aris warmoeba da moxmareba).

aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare, homo oeconomicus-is modeli Tanamedrove ekonomikur TeoriaSi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT daaxloebiT Semdegi sakvanZo niSnebiT: 1. esaa amrCevi adamiani, vinaidan igi SezRudulia Tavis resursebSi da aseTi situacia aiZulebs mas, mudmivad gaakeTos arCevani. aseTi arCevanis pirobebSi `ekonomikuri adamianis~ upiratesobebi warmodgenilia (ivaraudeba) rogorc aucilebeli da mdgradi. 2. esaa Semfasebeli adamiani. is adarebs sxvadasxva alternativas, afasebs maT da gamoiTvlis erTgvarad sakuTari skalis mixedviT. 3. esaa evoluciis ganmcdeli adamiani, romelic cvlis institutebs da Tavadac eqvemdebareba institutebis gavlenas. 4. esaa egocentruli adamiani, anu, iseTi, romelic upiratesobas aniWebs sakuTar Sefasebebs da interesebs sxvaTa SefasebebTan da interesebTan SedarebiT. am dros sazogadoebis normebs icavs imdenad, ramdenadac isini aSkarad ar ewinaaRmdegeba mis sakuTar normebsa da interesebs. 5. esaa adamiani, romelsac aqvs SezRuduli da arasruli informacia. damatebiTi informaciis moZieba moiTxovs drosac da danaxarjebsac. 6. aseTi adamianis qceva gvevlineba mizanracionalurad, e.i. is isaxavs racionalur miznebs da ise warmarTavs moqmedebebs, rom maT maqsimalurad miaRwios. iracionalurobis elementebs mis qcevaSi SeiZleba hqondes mxolod wminda SemTxveviTi, garegnuli xasiaTi.

am yvelaferTan erTad ekonomikis kvlevisas yvelaze angariSgasawevi faqtoria aqtori (moqmedi piri), radgan cifrebis, formulebis da grafikebis miRma aucileblad unda davinaxoT adamiani, misi pirovneba cocxali warmosaxvis unariTa da fantaziiT, aseve moulodneli qcevebisa da moqmedebebis erTgvari mistikuri unariT.