SaqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro Sida qarTlis saero universiteti ciuri nozaZe, zurab TeTruaSvili, soso nozaZe kompiuteruli qselebi interneti kompiuteruli usafrTxoeba Tbilisi

internetTan SeerTeba.

internetSi samuSaod aucilebelia:

• 
  fizikurad miuerToT kompiuteri saerTaSoriso qselis erT erT romelime kvanZs.
  
• 
  miiRoT mudmivi an drobeTi IP-misamarTi.
  

daayenoT da gamarToT internetis im samsaxurebis programuli uzrunvelyofa - programa-klientebi, romlis momsaxurebiTac apirebT isargebloT.

organizaciebs, romlebic gTavazoben Tavis kvanZTan mierTebis SesaZleblobas da giyofen IP-misamarTs, internetis momsaxurebis momwodeblebs – servis provaiderebs uwodeben. msgavs momsaxurebas servis provaiderebi axorcieleben xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.

fizikuri mierTeba SeiZleba iyos gamoyofili an komutirebuli. gamoyofili mierTebisaTvis aucilebelia an axali xazis gayvana an mza fizikuri kavSiris xazis daqiraveba (sakabelo, optikuri, radio arxi, Tanamgzavris arxi da a.S). aseT mierTebas iyeneben is organizaciebi an sawarmoebi, romlebsac esaWiroebaT didi moculobis monacemebis gadacema. kavSiris xazis tipzea damokidebuli misi gamtarianoba (izomeba erTeulebSi biti-wamSi). amJamad mZlavri kavSiris xazebis gamtarianoba (optikuri da Tanamgzavruli) Seadgens aseul megabaits wamSi.

satelefono (komutirebuli) xazebiT kavSirisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dabali gamtarianoba. imis mixedviT Tu rogori mowyobiloba gamoiyeneba signalis gacvlisaTvis avtomatur satelefono sadgurebSi, ganasxvaveben analogiur da cifrul satelefono xazebs. satelefono xazebis ZiriTad nawils yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebis qalaqebSi Seadgens ZiriTadad moZvelebuli analogiuri xazebi. maTi zRvruli gamtarianoba 31 k.biti/wm-ze cota metia (teqstis erTi-ori gverdi an standartuli zomis erTi-ori fotosuraTi wamSi). cifruli satelefono xazebis gamtarianoba Seadgens 60-120 k.bit/wm-Si, rac 2-4 jer maRalia. analogiuri satelefono xazebiT SeiZleba videoinformaciis gadacemac (rac gamoiyeneba videokom-ferenciebSi), magram fanjris zoma, romelSic aisaxaba videomonacemebi Cveulebrivad mcirea da mcirea kadrebis cvlis sixSirec xarisxiani videofiris misaRebad (1-2 kadri wamSi). SedarebisaTvis Cveulebrivi telexedvis kadrebis sixSire - 25 kadria wamSi. kavSiris satelefono xazebi arasodes ar iyo gankuTvnili cifruli signalebis gada-sacemad. maTi maxasiaTeblebi mxolod xmebis gadacemi-saTvisaa vargisi. amasTan sixSiris sakmaod viwro - 3000 herci diapazonSi. amitom bgeriTi sixSiris signalebis matarebeli cifruli informaciis gadacemisaTvis maT gardaqmnian (modulacia) amplitudsa, fazasa da droSi. aseT gardaqmnas specialuri mowyobiloba - modemi asrulebs (saxelwodeba modemi warmoqmnilia sityvebisagan modula-tori da demodulatori).

modemis dayeneba.

mierTebis wesebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben gare da Sida modemebs. gare modems aerTeben sistemuri blokis ukana mxares gamotanil mimdevrobiTi portis CamrTvelSi. Sida modems ki ayeneben deda (Mother board) platis gamafarToeblis erT-erT CamrTvelSi.

modemSi gamavali monacemebis nakadi gacilebiT mcirea vidre kompiuteris sxva mowyobilobebSi gamavali nakadebi. amitom bolo dromde modemebs uerTebdnen moZvelebul, mcire warmadobis mqone salteebis ISA (Industry Standart Architecture) CamrTvelebs (slotebs). amJamad iwarmoeba modemebi, romelTa mierTeba gaTvlilia PCI (Peripherial Control Interface) salteze.

rogorc kompiuteris sxva mowyobilobebi, modemic saWiroebs ara marto aparatul dayenebas aramed programul gamarTvasac. operaciul sistemaSi Windows igi SeiZleba SevasruliT standartuli saSualebebiT. StartSetting ControlPanelAdd Hardware. Tumca modemisaTvis aris specia-luri programuli saSualeba StartSettingControlPanel Phone And Modem.

PCI saltesTan mierTebul modemisaTvis dayenebis problema ar warmoiqmneba, radganac isini Seesabamebian TviTdaye-nebadi mowyobilobebis (plung-and-play) standarts. ISA sal-tesTan mierTebuli modemebi yovelTvis ar arian TviTdayenebadi (iseve, rogorc am saltesTan mierTebuli kompiuteris sxva mowyobilobebi) da operaciulma sistemam SeiZleba arakoreqtulad Seasrulos avtomaturi progra-muli dayeneba da gamarTva. Tu amasTan erTad, warmoiSveba aparatuli komfliqti, maT xSirad mivyevarT modemisa da mausis araswor muSaobasTan. komfliqtis aRmosafxvrelad modemisa da mausis mimdevrobiT portebs ucvlian daniS-nulebas da xelaxla asruleben dayenebas.

servis-provaideris kompiuterTan dakavSireba.

servis-provaideris anu internetis momsaxurebis momwodeblis kompiu­terTan dasakavSireblad saWiroa swo-rad gavmarToT qselTan daSorebuli SeRwevis parametrebi (Deal-Up Setting). programis gamarTvisas aucilebeli mona-cemebi, romelic provaiderma unda mogawodoT Semdegia:

• 
  telefonis nomeri romliTac xdeba dakavSireba;
  
• 
  momxmareblis saxeli (Login)
  
• 
  paroli (password)
  
• 
  DNS-serveris IP-misamarTi (yovel SemTxvevaSi SeaqvT ori misamarTi: ZiriTadi da dametebiTi, romelic gamoiyeneba Tu raime mizeziT ZiriTadi DNS-serveri droebiT ar muSaobs).
  

es monacemebi sakmarisia internetTan misaerTeblad, Tumca provaiderTan xelSekrulebis dadebisas SeiZleba dama-tebiTi informaciis miReba, magaliTad, samsaxuris telefo-nebis nomrebi. programis gasamarTavad sakuTari IP-misa-marTis Setana saWiro ar aris. momsaxurebis momwodeblis serveri atomaturad gamoyofs mas muSaobis seansis ganmavlobaSi.

Tavi 2. informaciis miReba internetidan.

1. World Wide Web _ ZiriTadi cnebebi

interneti gamoiyeneba, rogorc codnis sxvadasxva sferoebSi mravalmxrivi informaciis miRebis wyaro. dokumentebis umravlesobas, romelic xelmisawvdomia internetis sxvadasxva serverebze, hiperteqsturi formati aqvT. internetis samsaxurs, romelic marTavs aseTi dokumentebis gadacemas World Wide Web (Web, WWW) _ msoflio ablabudas uwodeben. amave terminiT an WWW garemoTi iwodeba Webdokumentebis erToblioba, romelTa Soris arsebobs hiperteqsturi kavSiri.

WWW garemos ara aqvs centralizebuli struqtura. igi ivseba maT mier, visac surs ganaTavsos internetSi Tavisi masalebi da SeiZleba ganixilos rogorc infor-maciuli sivrce. rogorc wesi WWWdokumentebi inaxeba internetTan mudmivad mierTebul kompiuterze  Web serverze. Cveule­brivad, Webserevrze ganaTavseben ara calkeul dokumentebs, aramed urTierTdakavSi­rebul dokumentebis jgufs. aseTi jgufi warmoadgens Web kvanZs. Web_kvanZebze momzadebuli dokumentebis ganTavsebas Web_gamomcemlobas an Web _ publikaciebs uwodeben.

Web_arxebi. Cveulebrivi Web_kvanZi informacias mxolod klientis mimarTvis pasuxad gascems. Tvalyuri rom adevnos gamoqveynebuli masalebis ganaxlebas, momxmarebeli iZulebulia regula­rulad miakiTxos mocemul kvanZs. Web_kvanZis Tanamedrove modeli saSualebas iZleva mocemul droSi gadasces ganaxlebuli informacia regis-trirebuli klientis kompiuterze. iseT Web_kvanZebs, rom-lebsac unari aqvT damoukideblad Seasrulon informaciis miwodeba - arxebs uwodeben. arxebis koncefciis mxardaWeras axorcielebs operaciuli sistema Windows. kerZod, maszea dafuZnebuli samuSao magidis - Active Desktop dinamiuri ganaxleba.

Web _ gverdi. World Wide Web_is calkeul dokuments Web_gverdebs uwodeben (Web Site). Cveulebridad igi aris kombinirebuli dokumenti, romelic SeiZleba Seicavdes teqsts, grafikul ilustraciebs, multi­mediur da sxva CarTul obieqtebs. Web_gverdis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) _ hiperteqstis moniSvnis ena, romelic dokumentSi CarTuli tegebis - specialuri niS-nebis saSualebiT aRweren dokumentis logikur struqturas, marTaven teqstis daforma­tebas da CarTuli obieqtebis ganlagebas. interaqtiuli Web_kvanZebi momxmare­blisagan informacias iReben formebiT da axdenen moTxovnili Web gverdis generacias specialuri programebis (scenari CGI), dinamiuri HTML da sxva saSualebebiT.

hiperteqsturi mimarTvebi. World Wide Web garemos ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebebs warmoadgenen, yovelgvari misamarTis miTiTebis gareSe, erTi dokumentidan, masTan Tematurad dakavSirebul meore dokumentze gada­svlis saSualebebis arseboba. dokumentebs Soris kavSiri xor-cieldeba hiperte­qsturi mimarTvebis (an ubralod hipermimarTvebis - Hiper Link) saSualebiT. hipermimarTva aris dokumentis gamoyofili fragmenti (teqsti an ilustracia), romelTanac asocirebulia sxva Web_dokumentis misama­rTi. hipermimarTvis gamoyenebisas (masze mausis mimTiTeblis mitana da erTxel dawkapuneba) sruldeba hipermimarTvaze gadasvla, anu im Web_gverdis gaxsna, romelzec miuTi­Tebs mimarTva. hipermimarTvebis gamoyenaba saSualebas iZleva World Wide Web_garemoSi vawarmooT Tematuri mogzaurobebis organizacia konkre­tuli gverdebis misamarTebis codnis gareSe.

dokumentebis misamarTebi. internetis dokumentebis misamarTebis Casawerad gamoiyeneba forma, romelsac URL misamarTs uwodeben (Uniform Recourse Locator). URL misamarTi Seicavs miTiTebebs protokolis, kompiuteris misamarTisa da am kompiuterze dokumentis moZebnis gzis Sesaxeb. kom-piuteris misamarTi Sedgeba ramodenime, erTmaneTisagan wer-tilebiT gamoyofili nawilisagan. magaliTad, www.internet.ge. misamarTis elementebi, ganlagebuli marjvniv, gansazRvraven kompiuteris mikuTvnebas qselisadmi, xolo marcxena elemen-tebi miuTiTeben mocemuli qselis konkretul kompiuterze. URL misamarTis IP_misamarTis cifrul formaSi gardaqmnas awarmoebs domenebis saxelebis samasxuri (Domain Name Servise, DNS). internetis dokumentis moZebnis gzaSi ganmamxoloebel niSnad gamoiyeneba daxrili xazi `~.

internetis gverdebis daTvalierebis saSualebebi. internetis dokumentebi ganku­Tvnilia eleqtronul formaSi gamosasaxavad, amasTan dokumentis avtorisaTvis ucnobia im kompiuteris SesaZleblobebi, romelzec aisaxeba dokumenti. amitom, ena HTML uzrunvelyofs ara imdenad dokumentis formatirebas, aramed misi logikuri struqturis aRweras. dokumentis formatireba da gamosaxva kompiuterebze sruldeba specialuri programiT brauzeriT (Browser).

brauzeris ZiriTadi funqciebia:

• 
  Web - serverTan kavSiris damyareba, romelzec inaxeba dokumenti da kombinurebuli dokumentis yvela kom-ponentebis CatvirTva;
  
• 
  HTML enis tegebis interpretacia, Web - gverdis for-matireba da asaxva im kompiuteris SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad, romelzec muSaobs brauzeri;
  
• 
  Web - gverdSi Semavali multimediis da sxva obieqtebis asaxvis saSualebebis miwodeba, agreTve im saSua-lebebis miwodeba, romelic momarTavs programas axali tipis obieqtTan samuSaod;
  
• 
  Web - gverdis moZebnis avtomatizaciis uzrunvelyofa da im Web - gverdebTan miRwevis gamartiveba, romleb-Tanac adrec iyo mimarTvebi;
  
• 
  internetis sxva samsaxurebTan samuSaod Sesabamisi saSualebebis miwodeba.
  

2.