Samdu fakultetlari 2-kurs talabalariga 2-semestr uchun «Ingliz tili» fanidan yakuniy nazorat savollari

SamDU fakultetlari 2-kurs talabalariga 2-semestr uchun

«Ingliz tili» fanidan yakuniy nazorat savollari

Savolning tartib raqami (1-120)	Savol matni
.	Translate the text INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT UZBEKISTAN Uzbekistan is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world. (The other one is Liechtenstein.) A doubly landlocked country is one that is landlocked by other landlocked countries. Uzbekistan’s Muruntau gold mine is one of the largest open pit gold mines in the world. Tashkent’s underground features chandeliers, marble pillars and ceilings, granite, and engraved metal. It has been called one of the most beautiful train stations in the world. Each of the stations of Tashkent metro has its own design and unique theme. In Uzbekistan, handshakes are only acceptable if it is between two men. The way to greet an Uzbek woman is by bowing to her with your right hand placed over your heart. It is Uzbek tradition that the most respected guest be seated farthest from the house’s entrance. The Uzbeks believe that turning bread upside down will bring you bad luck.
.	Translate the text My country-my pride Being an Uzbek, a citizen of the heavenly country with a rich ancient history, hospitable   people and unforgettable natural     beauties gives me a great pride. The reason for this honour roots back to many facts that cannot be outlined with limited words. The history of Uzbekistan is very rich. Over the years, Uzbekistan was a superpower and put great emphasis on science and education, being a home for many breakthroughs and civilizations. The most eminent scientists such as Abu Ali Ibn Sino, Abu Rayhon Beruniy, Al Xorazmiy were our ancestors. As well as this, one of the greatest poets in the world Alisher Navoi whose poems had great influence even on other east countries` literature was also from Uzbekistan. Another example is the king of the largest and most baronial country-Amir Temur was born in this holy land. There are innumerable ancient places that serve as the evidence of our rich history, that are always crowded by tourists. This is one of the reasons why I am so proud of my homeland.
.	Jobs for teenagers About half of 16 and 17-year-olds in the UK have got jobs, and three quarters of this age group also go to school. They do part-time jobs before or after school and at weekends. The most common jobs are babysitting (very popular with girls) and paper rounds (popular with boys). Cleaning and working in a shop are also popular jobs. In the UK, school students are not allowed to work more than two hours on a school day, or more than twelve hours in total during a school week. They are not allowed to work before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m. (but babysitters can work later. They must have at least two weeks’ holiday from school each year when they don’t work at all. Teenagers do part-time jobs because they want to earn some money. However, they don’t usually earn very much. In the UK, there is a minimum wage for adults: £5.52 an hour. For 16 and 17-year-olds, it is £ 3.40 an hour. For children under 16, there is no minimum wage, so many teenagers work for £2 or £3 an hour.
.	Translate the text Jobs Find out where your interests and talents lie. Postponing a decision is an error people make. "I'll get started tomorrow or next week, or next year," - many people think. These people refuse to face the problem, hoping it will go away. But if you don't take the first step now, how can you plan for the future, how can you take the right way? Such people miss many opportunities. First start with you, make a list of your interests, talents and abilities. Most people have a lot of these, but at the beginning they are undeveloped and may not seem outstanding. By concentrating on a few, or on one you may surprise yourself at how good you can get. The interest inventory that follows covers the major fields in which most people find careers: science, art, social service, business, sales and so on.
.	Translate the text Body Language When we go for an interview, most of us think carefully about what to wear and what to say but hardly ever about how to act – in other words, what our body language is telling the interviewer. According to experts, body language accounts for 55% of the effect we have when communicating. Tone of voice accounts for 33% and words just 7% - so what you say matters much less then how you behave.  Employers nowadays are cautious about the fast-talking interviewee but they look increasingly for their signs which will show a person’s character and ability – such as body language.
.	Translate the text World of jobs (2) Sometimes we say that someone we know is 'a square peg in a round hole'. This means that person we are talking about is not suited for the job he is doing. Unfortunately, many people in the world are 'square pegs'. But to be a 'square peg' is not a real problem, a real problem for millions of people is to be unemployed. Unemployment especially hits poor and working class families the hardest, not because this people are more likely to be unemployed, but because they don't have financial resource to fall back on. Unemployment exists primarily for two reasons: first - the existence of millions of unemployed people tends to present most of those working from asking for higher wages since they can be replaced easily, second - in their search for profits, corporations are interested in finding the cheapest labour. As for our country more than 10% of our people are unemployed. There is no lack of work force in Russia, but at the resent moment the need for professional workers is increasing. Old industries are overcrowded and it is hard to get new education for people whose age is 35-40 years. The problem of unemployment is also connected with the economic crisis in our country. And I think when this crisis comes to an end the problem of unemployment will not be so urgent.
.	Translate the text Body language  You should always smile when you enter the interview room and when the interview has finished because first and last impressions count.  Moreover, you should also try to maintain eye-contact with the interviewer but not for too long. Once you’re sitting down, your hands should generally stay loosely in your lap. Use them to male a point occasionally but never raise them above shoulder level. In fact, body language is vital – and after someone has noticed if for the first time they’re unlikely to change their opinion because what to say. So, at an interview, take the trouble to get it right.
.	Translate the text Culture Folk or national culture is like a habit of people. It is the everyday life and routine of certain group of people. Elite culture is well-developed and many-sided. It is the attitude towards art, architecture, theatre, music, literature. Popular or mass culture gives people standards to be what they like. It is especially suitable for young people. Corporate culture is collective beliefs and value systems of a certain company. Thus, all types of culture require certain model of behaviour or set of rules for social conduct. However, one thing is common for all people. It’s politeness – the most important sign of any culture. It’s not only saying “Excuse me”, “Sorry”, “Good morning”, “Bless you”. Politeness is something that should be developed in every sphere of life. For example, greeting people you know in the street, wishing your friend a nice day, offering a seat to old people – these are all signs of politeness. So, living a civilized life in accordance with culture isn’t as difficult as it might seem.
.	Translate the text Sports Sport is probably as old as the humanity itself. It has been developing with the developing and growth of the mankind. All over the world people of different ages are very fond of sports and games. Sport not only helps people to become strong and to develop physically but also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activities. It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body. Sports help people to keep in good health. We all need to exercise. Even if you don't plan to make a career in sport you still have to practice. Regular exercises give you more energy. That is why many people who suffer from general tiredness should take more exercise than more rest. Exercise makes you feel and look better. The best exercise is one which involves in repeated movements, those are: walking, jogging or swimming. Bending and stretching will add flexibility and feeling of lightness. Among the sports popular in our country are football, basketball, swimming, volleyball, ice hockey, tennis, gymnastics, and figure skating. A person can choose sports and games for any season, for any taste.
.	Translate the text Meals in Britain Since the 1970's eating habits in Britain have undergone a change. People have been encouraged by doctors, health experts and government advertisements to eat less fat and more fiber. Fat is believed to be one of the major causes of obesity and heart disease. Forty per cent of adults in Britain are overweight and Britain has one of the highest death rates due to cardiovascular disease in the world. Britons have also become more aware of calories, the energy value of food. Some people count the number of calories they eat every day, so that they can try to take in fewer calories and lose weight. Food manufactures have started to help the general public to make more informed choices about what they eat.
.	Unwritten Rules" of Great Britain Good and bad manners make up the social rules of a country. They are not always easy to learn because they are often not written down in books. For example, British women didn't go into pubs at the beginning of this century because it was not considered respectable behaviour for a woman. Now both women and men drink freely in pubs and women are fully integrated into public life. Visitors to Britain are often surprised by the strange behaviour of the inhabitants. One of the worst mistakes is to get on a bus without waiting your turn in the queue. The other people in the queue will probably complain loudly! Queuing is a national habit and it is considered polite or good manners to wait for your turn.
.	Translate the text Meals in Britain(2) So the traditional British breakfast is bacon, eggs or sausages, preceded by fruit and followed by toasts. Britons may eat this breakfast at weekends or on special occasions but prefer a smaller and healthier meal to start a day. Lunch is a light meal and is eaten at school or work. Lunch takes 30—40 minutes. Dinner is usually the main meal of the day and consists of two courses. In recent years, foreign foods have become a regular part of the British diet. Indian and Chinese dishes are particularly popular for evening meals.
.	Translate the text Translate the text Meals in Britain(3) Take-aways became extremely popular in the 1980's. The traditional British take-away is fish and chips eaten with salt and vinegar and served in an old newspaper. The British are famous for their love of sweet things and afternoon tea with sandwiches; scones, jam and several kinds of cake, was once a traditional custom. Most working people don't have tea as an afternoon "meal", but they do have a short break in the middle of the afternoon for a cup of tea. Tea is often also drink with lunch and dinner.
.	Translate the text "Unwritten Rules" of Great Britain In some countries it is considered bad manners to eat in the street, whereas in Britain it is common to see people having a snack whilst walking down the road, especially at lunchtime. Britons may be surprised to see young children in restaurants in the evening because children are not usually taken out to restaurants late at night. And if they make a noise in public or in a restaurant it is considered very rude. In recent years children are playing a more active role and they are now accepted in many pubs and restaurants.
.	Translate the text Environmental Pollution People have always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. People lived in uncrowded rural areas and did not have pollution — causing machines. With the development of crowded industrial cities which put huge amounts of pollutants into small areas, the problem has become more important. Automobiles and other new inventions make pollution steadily worse. Since the late 1960's people have become alarmed with the danger of pollution. Air, water, and soil are necessary for existence of all living things. But polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. On polluted soil, food cannot be grown. In addition environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet. .
.	Translate the text "Unwritten Rules" of Great Britain In recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer British people now smoke. Many companies have banned smoking from their offices and canteens. Smoking is now banned on the London Underground, in cinemas and theaters and most buses. It's becoming less and less acceptable to smoke in a public place. It is considered rude or bad manners to smoke in someone's house without permission. Social rules are an important part of our culture as they passed down through history. The British have an expression for following these "unwritten rules": "When in Rome, do as the Romans do". .
.	Translate the text Environmental Pollution Pollution is as complicated as serious problem. Automobiles are polluting the air but they provide transportation for the people. Factories pollute the air and the water but they provide jobs for people and produce necessary goods. Fertilizers and pesticides are important for growing crops but they can ruin soil. Thus, people would have to stop using many useful things if they wanted to end pollution immediately. Most people do not want that of course. But pollution can be reduced gradually.
.	Translate the text The mysteries of dreams It’s a universal human experience. You rest your head against the pillow at night and slowly drift off to sleep. Soon you enter a weird and wonderful - and sometimes frightening - world. It’s a world in which you might find yourself walking around school in your pajamas or chasing the school bus after you missed it. You could be flying under your own power or talking with a long-deceased relative. You’ve entered the world of dreams. People have always dreamed, and dreamers have always wondered what their mysterious nighttime visions meant.
.	Translate the text The mysteries of dreams 2 Some philosophers in ancient times believed that dreams were important messages from the gods or visions of things to come. As the centuries rolled by, many other philosophers, as well as average people, developed their own theories about the purpose of dreams and what dreams mean. And finally, dreams became a subject of scientific inquiry. Freud and Jung Interpret Dreams. In his 1900 book, Freud described how he asked his patients to tell him everything they could remember from their dreams. Freud believed that dreams were “the royal road to the unconscious.” He concluded, on the basis of his talks with the patients, that dreams are caused by disturbing wishes, such as sexual desires or aggressive impulses that a person represses in waking life. These unacceptable thoughts, according to Freud, are often disguised as symbolic elements in dreams. For example, fire may symbolize feelings of hostility, while water may stand for sexuality.
.	Translate the text The mysteries of dreams 3 The symbolism in dreams, Freud maintained, needs to be decoded, or interpreted, in order to be understood. Freud believed that symbolism is necessary in dreams, because straightforward thoughts about unacceptable desires and feelings would arouse anxiety and awaken the dreamer. Thus, Freud proposed, dreams are the guardians of sleep. Freud’s questioning of his patients led him to believe that dreams are usually brief and that dreaming itself is rare during sleep. Furthermore, he concluded, a dream usually incorporates some minor, unresolved event from earlier in the day—a piece of “unfinished business” of some kind. But at a deeper level, Freud theorized, dreaming is a unique state of consciousness that is prompted by such urges as hunger, thirst, and sexuality that arise during the night.
.	Translate the text The mysteries of dreams 4 Doubts about Freud’s explanations for dreaming led the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung to develop his own theory between 1912 and 1920. Jung rejected Freud’s idea that dreams are related to wish fulfillment. He believed that dreams can express spiritual and moral concerns as often as they express sexual or emotional preoccupations [предрассудки]. Jung’s main conclusion was that dreams express aspects of the personality that are not fully developed in waking life. For example, people who neglect their spiritual needs may experience strong religious feelings in their dreams. In order to understand what their dreams mean, Jung suggested, dreamers need to become familiar with the kinds of symbols used in myths, fairy tales, and religious rituals. For instance, as in tales involving the “big, bad wolf,” a dangerous animal may symbolize some person or event that poses a threat to the dreamer.
.	Translate the text The mysteries of dreams (5) And, as in Christian theology, wine may represent blood or salvation. Jung claimed that people in modern Western civilization often ignore such symbolic language, and so they need help in understanding what their dreams are trying to say to them. In order to answer the question, “What do my dreams mean?” we may have to wait for further advances in the study of dream content and breakthroughs in the study of brain function. In the meantime, when you go to bed at the end of a long day and close your eyes, you might simply look forward to the fascinating show that your brain will be putting on for you.
.	Translate the text The secrets of long life The island of Okinawa in Japan has some of the oldest people in the world. It’s famous for its high number of centenarians – men and women who live beyond 100 years of age.There have been many scientific studies of their lifestyle and you can even buy cookery books based on their diets. Some of the reasons for their good health are that they … • go fishing and eat what they catch. • regularly do gardening and grow their own fruit and vegetables. • go cycling and never drive when they can walk. • often spend time with friends. They meet at people’s houses and play games. • rarely buy food from a supermarket. • do regular exercise, go swimming and lead active lives. .
.	Translate the text Measuring health and happiness The small country of Bhutan in the Himalayan mountains is over one thousand years old. In the past it was a poor country and not many people visited it. But nowadays, it is becoming more and more popular with tourists. Medicine and health is improving and its economy is growing. King JigmeSingyeWangchuck, the king of Bhutan until 2006, talked about his country’s ‘Gross National Happiness’. In other words, he thought happiness is the way to measure the country’s development.
.	Translate the text Measuring health and happiness (2) But how do you measure happiness? Perhaps health is the best way because a famous doctor once said, ‘Happy people generally don’t get sick.’ It’s also easy to measure how many people feel ill or unhealthy in a country. For example, one survey says Iceland is the ‘healthiest country in the world’ because men and women live a long time there, the air is very clean and there are more doctors available per person than anywhere else in the world.