Samarkand iktisodiyot va servis instituti

WHAT ARE THE WORLD'S MAJOR CURRENCIES?
The currencies of the world's major economies have names and backgrounds that are as diverse as the countries themselves. The dollar, used in many countries including the United States, Canada, and Australia, gets its name from a silver coin minted during the Middle Ages in a small valley, or "Thal," in Bohemia called Joachimsthal. Just as a sausage from Frankfurt came to be called a frankfurter, the coins from Joachimsthal were called "Joachimsthaler" or simply "Thaler," and came to be called "dollar" in English.
The pound, used in Britain, Egypt, and Lebanon among others, refers to the weight used in determining the value of coins, based on precious metals such as gold or sterling. The penny has the same origin as the word pawn, found in terms such as pawn shop, and originally meant "to pledge." A penny, like any currency, is a "pledge" of value.
In Italy the currency was called lira. The word was based on the Latin libra, meaning "pound," and once again refers to the weight of the original coins. The currency lira is still used in Turkey and has the same origin and meaning.
In Spanish, the word meaning "weight," peso, was used to describe the coins that were based on a certain weight of gold or silver. Originally, there were gold coins called peso de oro and silver ones called peso de plata. In Spain, the currency was called peseta, meaning "small peso." The word peso is used to describe the currency in many Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America.
In Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the word for crown—krone in Denmark and Norway, krona in Sweden—is used to-describe the currency that was originally minted by the king and queen, with royal crowns stamped on the earlier coins. Today, the crown has been replaced by other symbols, but the name remains.
The franc, was used in France, Switzerland, Belgium, and other countries and territories. It was based on the early coins used in France that bore the Latin inscription franconium rex, meaning "king of the Franks." The coin, as well as the country, took its name from one of the original tribes that settled in the area, the Franks.
The German mark and Finnish markka derived their names from the small marks that were cut into coins to indicate their precious metal content. The German mark, deutsche mark in German, was often called by its shortened name, D-mark.
The riyal, in Saudi Arabia and Qatar, and the rial in Iran, are based on the Spanish word real—which, in turn, was derived from the Latin regal(is)—referring to earlier "royal" coins. The dinar, used in Iraq and Kuwait among others, derives its name from "denarius," a Roman coin that was worth "ten bronze asses," an item of considerable value in days of old. In India, Pakistan, and other countries of the subcontinent, the currency is called rupee (in Indonesia, rupiah), based on the Sanskrit word rupya, meaning "coined silver."
The ancient Chinese word yiam meant "round," or "small round thing." The name of the Japanese currency, the yen, and the name of the Chinese currency, the yuan, both derived from the old Chinese word, refer to the round shape of the original coins.

Key words:

micro- and macroeconomics микро- и макроэкономика иктисодиёт
management менеджмент бошкариш
marketing маркетинг маркетинг
finance финансы и денежное обращение молия ва пул айланмаси
accounting бухгалтерский учет бухгалтерия хисоби
logistics логистика логистика
research and development НИОКР илмий тадкикотлар ва ишлаб чикиш ишлари

EXERCISES:

COMPREHENSION CHECK