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MASHG`ULOT NATIJALARI:

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XULOSA:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mustahkamlash uchun savol va topshiriqlar

1. Kollodiydan dializ xaltacha qanday tayyorlanadi?

2. Muskullardan oqsillarning tuzli fraktsiyasi qanday olinadi?

3. Dializlash nima?




Sana:______________________
3- LABORATORIYA MASHG`ULOTI
Mavzu: Aminokislotalarni xromatografiya usuli yordamida aniqlash.

Mashg’ulot maqsadi. laboratoriya sharoitida xromotografiya usuli bilan erkin aminokislotalarni aniqlash bilan tanishish.

Kerakli asbob va reaktivlar: uzunligi 20-25 sm, diametri 30 mm bo’lgan probirkalar, uzunligi 15 sm, diametri 20 mm bo’lgan filtr qog’oz, pulvelizator, kapilliyar, lineyka, pipetkalar, Petri kosasi, suv bilan to’yintirilgan fenol, ningidrinning 0,1 % eritmasi, aminokislotalar eritmasi.

Ishni bajarilishi. Uzunligi 20-25 sm va diametri 30 mm li probirkaga uning devorlariga tegismasdan pipetka yordamida suv bilan to’yintirilgan fenoldan 3-5 ml quyiladi (fenoldan ehtiyot bo’lish zarur, u teriga tegsa kuydiradi). Uzunligi 15 sm va eni 20 mm li filtr qog’oz tayyorlanadi. Uni qo’l bilan ushlaganda kir qilmaslik kerak, aks holda tajriba yaxshi natija bermaydi.

Tayyorlangan lenta shaklli filtr qog’ozning bir uchini nina bilan teshib, ip bilan bog’lanadi. Qog’ozning ikkinchi uchidan 1 sm qoldirib, qora qalam bilan chiziladi. So’ngra chiziqning o’rtasiga aminokislotalar eritmasidan kapillyar yordamida kichik bir tomchi tomiziladi. Tomizilgan suyuqlik qurigach filtr qog’ozga bog’langan ipdan ushlab, uning aminokislotalar ertmasi tomizilgan tomonini fenolli probirkaga tushiriladi, qog’ozning uchi 0,5 sm chamasida fenolga tegib turishi kerak. Shundan keyin probirka og’zini po’kak bilan bekitib, u 2 soat tinch qoldiriladi. Fenol qog’ozdan tepaga ko’tarila boshlaydi. Filtr qog’oz probirkada qancha uzoq vaqt saqlansa, fenol shuncha yuqori ko’tariladi.

Aytilgan vaqt o’tgach, probirkaning og’zini ochib, undagi qog’ozni ipidan ushlab probirkadan olinadi va osib quritiladi. So’ng uni hamma joyi tekis ho’l bo’lguncha pulvelizator yordamida ningidrinning spirtdagi 0,1 % li eritmasidan sepiladi va termostatda quritiladi. Qog’oz qurish vaqtida qizg’ish binafsha dog’lar hosil bo’ladi. Qog’ozda qurigan har bir dog’ chegarasi qora qalam bilan chiziladi va ularning har birining o’rtasiga nuqta qo’yiladi.

Qog’ozning aminokislota tomizilgan chizig’i bilan fenolning siljib borgan eng oxirgi chegarasining orasi, shuningdek, aminokislota tomizilgan chiziq bilan har bir dog’ning o’rtasi lineyka bilan o’lchanadi.

Har bir aminokislotaning siljigan masofasi fenolning siljigan masofasiga bo’linadi. Shunda hosil bo’lgan raqam o’sha dog’i tushgan aminokislotaning ko’rsatkichi hisoblanadi.

Shunday qilib, biz tekshirgan aminokislotalar aralashmasida qanday aminokislota borligi aniqlanadi. Xromotografiya usuli bilan aminokislotalarning miqdorini ham aniqlash mumkin. Buning uchun qog’ozga tushgan dog’larni alohida-alohida yuvib olib, ularning miqdori aniqlanadi. Bu albatta ancha murakkab va ko’p vaqt talab qiladi.



MASHG`ULOT NATIJALARI:

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XULOSA:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mustahkamlash uchun savol va topshiriqlar

1. Xromotografiya usuli bilan oqsillar qanday aniqlanadi?

2. Xromotografiya usuli bilan oqsillarni aniqlash uchun qanday reaktivlar ishlatiladi?

3. Xromotografiya usuli bilan oqsillarni aniqlashda qanday o’zgarishlarga uchraydi?



Sana:______________________
4-LABORATORIYA MASHG`ULOTI

Mavzu: Oqsillarning izoelektrik nuqtasini aniqlash.



Mashg’ulot maqsadi: Laboratoriya mashg’ulotlari davomida talabalarga oqsillarning izoelektr nuqtasi va uni aniqlash bo’yicha nazariy hamda amaliy tushunchalarni berish

Kerakli asbob va reaktivlar: kolbachalar, probirkalar, pipetkalar, byuretkalar, jelatinning 1% li eritmasi, natriy monogidrofosfatning 0,2 molyar eritmasi, limon kislotaning 0,1 molyar eritmasi, 900 li spirt.

Ishni bajarish tartibi: Sitrofosfat buferini tayyorlash. 10 ta kolbachani nomerlab, ularga jadvalga ko’rsatilgan miqdorda natriy gidrofosfat va sitrat kislota eritmasidan solinadi.


Aralashmaning nomeri

Aralashma

(рН)

Natriy monogidro fosfatning 0,2 molyar eritmasi, ml

Limon kislotaning

0,1 molyar eritmasi, ml

1

3,0

4,11

15,89

2

3,4

5,70

14,30

3

3,8

7,10

12,90

4

4,2

8,28

11,72

5

4,6

9,35

10,65

6

5,0

10,30

9,70

7

5,4

11,15

8,85

8

5,8

12,09

7,91

9

6,2

13,22

6,78

10

6,6

14,55

5,45

11

6,8

15,45

4,55

12

7,0

16,47

3,53

13

7,2

17,39

2,61

14

7,4

18,17

1,83

15

7,6

18,73

1,27

16

7,8

19,15

0,85

17

8,0

19,45

0,55


Jelatinning izoelektr nuqtasini aniqlash. 10 ta probirkani shtativga terib, nomerlanadi. Hammasiga tegishli nomerli bufer aralashmasidan 5 ml solinadi. So’ng har bir probirkaga jelatin eritmasidan 2 ml qo’shiladi. Shundan keyin 5-nomerli probirkadagi suyuqlik ustiga chayqatganda yo’qolmaydigan sezilar-sezilmas loyqa hosil bo’lguncha 900 li spirtdan sekin-sekin solinadi. Qolgan probirkalarga ham shuncha spirt solib, 30 minut tinch saqlanadi. Ko’rsatilgan vaqt o’tgach qaysi probirkada kuchli loyqa hosil bo’lganligi aniqlanadi. Qaysi probirkada quyuq loyqa hosil bo’lgan bo’lsa, o’sha probirkadagi muhitning pH jelatinning izoelektr nuqtasiga tegishli bo’ladi. Odatda jelatinning izoelektr nuqtasi pH - 4,6-4,7 ga teng bo’ladi.

MASHG`ULOT NATIJALARI:

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Mustahkamlash uchun savol va topshiriqlar

1. Oqsillarning izoelektrik nuqtasi deganda nimani tushunasiz?

2. Oqsillarning izoelektrik nuqtasini aniqlashda qanday reaktivlar ishlatiladi?

3. Sitrofosfat buferi qanday tayyorlanadi?


Sana:______________________
5-LABORATORIYA MASHG`ULOTI
Mavzu: Nuklein kislotalar: achitqidan nukleoproteinlarni ajratish va gidrolizlash. Gidrolizat analizi.

Darsning maqsadi.: nukleoprotiedlar, ularni ajratib olish usullari va ayrim sifat reaksiyalari bilan tanishish, ishni amalda bajarishni o’rganish.

Tekshiriluvchi material: yangi xamirturush (achitqi).

Kerakli asbob va reaktivlar: qaytar sovutgich o’rnatilgan probirkalar, azbest to’r, kumush hammom, voronka, filtr, sulfat kislotaning 10% li eritmasi, natriy gidrooksidning 10-30% li eritmalari, mis-II-sulfatning 1% li va 7% li eritmasi, ammiakning konsentrlangan eritmasi, kumush nitratning 1% li eritmasi, molibden reaktivi.



Ishning bajarilishi.

  1. Gidroliz. Keng probirkaga 0,5 g achitqi, ustiga 4 ml 10% li sulfat kislota solinadi va qaytar sovutgichli probirka bilan berkitiladi. Keyin u azbest to’rli isitgich yoki qum hammomida qaynatiladi. Bir ozdan so’ng gidroliz to’xtatiladi, suyuqlik sovitiladi va filtr qog’oz orqali o’tkaziladi. Filtratdan o’tgan suyuqlik bilan sifat reaksiya qilinadi.

  2. Polipeptidlarni aniqlash uchun biuret reaksiyasi qilinadi.

  3. Purin asoslariga kumush sinsmasi, 10 tomchi gidrolizat ammiak bilan neytrallanadi. So’ng 5 tomchi 1% li kumush nitrat eritmasi solinadi. 3-5 minut o’tgach purin asoslarining kumushli eritmalari qoramtir tusli cho’kmaga tushadi.

  4. Riboza va dezoksiriboza uchun Trommer reaksiyasi qilinadi.

  5. Fosfor kislotaga molibden reaksiyasi bajariladi. Buning uchun 5 tomchi gidrolizatga 20 tomchi molibden reaktividan solib, bir necha daqiqa qaynatiladi. Eritma sariq rangga kiradi.

MASHG`ULOT NATIJALARI:

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XULOSA:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mustahkamlash uchun savol va topshiriqlar

1. Nukleoprotien deganda nimani tushunasiz?

2. Bu ish uchun qanday reaktivlar ishlatiladi?

3. Fosfat kislotani qaysi reaktiv yordamida aniqlanadi?



Sana:______________________
6 – LABORATORIYA MASHG`ULOTI
Mavzu: Uglevodlar. Monosaxarid va disaxaridlarning qaytaruvchanlik xossalari.

Darsning maqsadi. Uglevodlarning qaytaruvchanlik xossalarini Trommer va Feling reaksiyalari yordamida o’rganish.

Trommer reaksiyasi

Kerakli asbob va reaktivlar: probirka, gaz gorelkasi, 1% glyukoza eritmasi, 10% NaOH eritmasi, 5% CuSO4 eritmasi,

Ishning bajarilishi: Probirkaga 1% glyukoza eritmasidan 1-2ml quyib, uning ustiga teng hajmda 10% NaOH eritmasi qo’shiladi. Aralashmaga chayqatib turilgan holatda tomchilatib 5% mis sulfat eritmasidan 1 ml qo’shiladi. So’ngra ohistalik bilan probirkadagi suyuqlik qizdiriladi. Avval sariq rangli loyqa paydo bo’lib, vaqt o’tishi bilan qizil rangli mis (I)- oksidga aylanishi kuzatiladi.
MASHG`ULOT NATIJALARI:

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XULOSA:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Feling reaksiyasi

Kerakli asbob va reaktivlar: probirka, gaz gorelkasi, 1% glyukoza eritmasi, 1% laktoza eritmasi, 1% maltoza eritmasi, Feling reaktivi (Feling suyuqligi ikkita eritmadan tayyorlanadi.

1) 34,6g CuSO4x5H2O 500 ml suvda eritiladi;

2) 172g segnet tuzi va 70g NaOH 500 ml suvda eritilib, alohida saqlanadi. Foydalanishdan avval teng hajmda aralashtiriladi).

Ishning bajarilishi: Probirkaga 1% glyukoza eritmasidan 1-2 ml quyib, unga teng hajmda Feling reaktividan qo’shiladi va aralashma ohistalik bilan qaynaguncha qizdiriladi. Reaksiya natijasida qizil rangli mis(I)- oksid cho’kmasi hosil bo’lishi kuzatiladi. Bu reaksiyani boshqa uglevodlar – maltoza, laktozalar ham hosil qiladi, saxaroza va kraxmal bilan esa qizil cho’kma hosil bo’lmaydi, chunki ular qaytaruvchanlik xossasiga ega emas.

MASHG`ULOT NATIJALARI:

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XULOSA:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mustahkamlash uchun savol va topshiriqlar

1.Uglevodlar α-naftol yordamida qanday rang hosil qiladi?

2.Ketogeksozalarni aldogeksozalardan farqlash uchun qangay reaksiya amalga oshiriladi?

3.Shakarlarning oksidlanishi qaysi myhitda oson kechadi?

4.Uglevodlarning qaytaruvchanlik xossasini aniqlashda nima uchun ko’p hollarda Feling reaktividan foydalaniladi.
Sana:______________________
8 – LABORATPRIYA MASHG`ULOTI


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