7
Curricula and Textbooks for
Humanities-Oriented Schools
The following discussion will focus on three textbooks — Butuzov
et al. (1995, 1996), Karp and Werner (2001, 2002), and Bashmakov
(2004) — which appeared in the order indicated. Although unable
to provide a detailed characterization of each of these courses here,
we will nonetheless attempt to describe briefly what new elements, by
comparison with standard, basic-level textbooks, were added to their
content and what, on the contrary, was removed; in what way their
style of presentation differed from that of the standard textbooks; and
what aspects may be considered the most essential for the philosophy,
as it were, of each of these courses.
The textbook of Butuzov et al. (1995) for 10th grade contains the
following chapters: “First Acquaintance with the Personal Computer,”
“Numbers,” “Functions,” “Going into Space,” “First Acquaintance
with Probability,” “Polyhedra,” “Mathematics in Everyday Life,” and
“Different Problems.” The 11th-grade textbook (Butuzov et al., 1996)
contains these chapters: “Dialogues About Statistics,” “Objects and
Surfaces of Rotation,” “The Difference and the Differential, the Sum
and the Integral,” “How Volumes Are Measured and Computed,”
“Dr. Watson Becomes Acquainted with Combinatorics,” “Symmetry,”
“Mathematics in Everyday Life,” “The Horizons of Mathematics,” and
“Different Problems.”
Clearly, many topics from the ordinary school course in mathematics
are present here; however, the section on basic elementary functions
(exponential, logarithmic, power, trigonometric) has been subjected to
a radical abridgment or, more precisely, has been altogether eliminated,
as has the section on equations and inequalities. On the other hand,
the theory of probability has been added (which at that time was
absent from the basic school course), and so have combinatorics and
statistics; sections on mathematics in everyday life have appeared, as
has a historical section. Complex numbers, which are missing from the
ordinary school course, are mentioned, and in the historical chapter,
for example, a whole section is devoted to Lobachevsky’s geometry.
At the same time, as the authors themselves note: “Explanations are
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often formulated only with the help of diagrams, figures, and visual
representations; rigorous proofs are very rarely given” (Butuzov et al.,
1995, p. 3).
The style in which the textbooks were written is fundamentally
different from the style of ordinary textbooks: one chapter is written
in the form of a dialog; in another, the authors tell at length about
the adventures of Baron Münchhausen; the title of a section in a third
chapter — “We have company for dinner tonight: who’s coming over
tomorrow?” — would have naturally been impossible in a textbook for
ordinary schools with its typically dry style.
The authors strove to be entertaining and, at the same time,
“to convey an idea of the most fundamental mathematical concepts,
knowledge of which … must be a part of the cultural background of a
person in any profession.” According to them, they likewise “attempted
whenever possible to tell about the applications of mathematics in
different areas of human activity” (p. 4).
The textbooks of Karp and Werner (2001, 2002) are in a certain
sense more traditional. The 10th-grade textbook contains five chapters,
of which the first, “Mathematics Around Us,” is an introductory
chapter which discusses the concept of the mathematical model and
the notion of mathematical language, and also informally introduces
the most important spatial figures. The second and third chapters
(“Numbers and Counting” and “Functions and Transformations”)
in essence review, although at a higher level, the nine-year school
course in mathematics. Then follow chapters on “Certain Elementary
Functions” and “Elementary of Spatial Geometry,” which contain
traditional material (including elementary equations and inequalities),
but greatly simplified from a technical point of view. The 11th-grade
textbook has three chapters: “Elementary Calculus,” “Elementary
Computational Geometry,” and “Introduction to Probability Theory
and Mathematical Statistics.”
Thus, although these textbooks do contain some material that is
unusual for the ordinary school (including statistics, combinatorics,
and probability theory, which was not usually studied in grades 10–11
at the time when the textbook was published, or the “mathematics of
elections,” which is briefly discussed in the 10th-grade textbook, or the
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