5.2
Kolmogorov’s Textbooks for Basic Schools
A general description of the Kolmogorov reforms is given in another
chapter of this two-volume set (Abramov, 2010). Kolmogorov himself
and the subject committee of which he was the chair devoted great
attention to the teaching of geometry. Criticizing existing programs for
being outdated, Kolmogorov emphasized that this was especially true
of geometry (Kolmogorov, 1967). He envisioned the restructuring of
the course in geometry as follows:
The basic objectives of restructuring the school course in geometry,
which have now won the widest acceptance, may be formulated in
terms of three propositions:
1. The formation of elementary geometric concepts should take place
in the first years of school.
2. The logical structure of the systematic course in geometry in the
middle grades should be substantially simplified by comparison
with the Euclidean tradition. At this stage, students should
become habituated to rigorous logical proofs while the right to
accept a redundant system of assumptions without proof should
also be openly recognized.
3. The course in geometry in the higher grades should be founded
on vectorial concepts. In this respect, it would also be natural to
rely on the coordinate method (but only in an auxiliary fashion,
so that the presentation does not become less “geometric” as
a result of the reliance on this approach). (Kolmogorov, 1967,
p. 11)
Some of these assertions may give rise to objections (for example,
it is by no means an established fact that the vector-based approach to
geometry instruction is simpler or in any way superior to the traditional
approach). What is important, however, is that Kolmogorov envisioned
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the creation of the new textbook as an open process that would rely —
just as the creation of Kiselev’s textbook had relied — on international
findings. Kolmogorov wrote:
In order to make it possible to work calmly and confidently on
new geometry textbooks, preliminary work must be carried out at
once: one or several working groups of scholars and teachers, using
foreign findings, must put together and publish the outline (or several
outlines) of a “logical skeleton” of a school course in geometry (the
basic assumptions and the basic sequence of theorems with proofs)
in a form that will be open to criticism and experimental use by
sufficiently experienced teachers. (Kolmogorov, 1967, p. 13)
Unfortunately, this was not done.
An idea of some of the aims set by Kolmogorov during the writing of
the textbook (which he himself oversaw) is conveyed by the following
statement made by him:
We have decided to retain separate geometry textbooks for grades
6–10. By comparison with a system of unified textbooks in mathe-
matics, which is the norm in many countries, the existence of a
separate geometry textbook has some advantages, but only if the logic
of the construction of the geometry course is rigorously coordinated
with the courses in algebra and elementary analysis. (Kolmogorov,
1971, p. 17)
It was expected that such rigorous coordination could be achieved, in
part, by organizing the presentation of the material around geometric
transformations.
The new course in geometry was structured on the basis of set
theory. This led to the appearance in schools of the term “congruence,”
which became perhaps the most frequently mentioned example of the
difficulty of Kolmogorov’s course — prior to it, as well as afterward,
people spoke about the “equality” of figures. Since in Kolmogorov’s
course figures were seen as sets of points, and a set was “equal”
only to itself, it was impossible, in the opinion of Kolmogorov and
his coauthors, to talk about “equal triangles,” as had been done
before (Kolmogorov et al., 1979). Triangles that could be superim-
posed through a geometric transformation that preserved distances
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