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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
on the attitude toward geometry in schools. College requirements
have supplemented and developed the requirements of the Ministry of
Education and have been to a sufficiently large degree independent of
the latter. The replacement of entrance exams with a uniform state exam
means that this independence is coming to an end and that uniformity
is being established, the likes of which were not seen even in the days
of the Soviet Union.
It should be pointed out here that already in the 1960s it was
officially recognized that students differed from one another with
respect to their mathematical aptitude and interest in the subject, and
schools with an advanced course of study in mathematics appeared
in the USSR. Geometry, along with other mathematical subjects, was
taught in these schools in an expanded and deeper fashion. In the
early 1990s, on the other hand, various kinds of schools with advanced
courses in the humanities began to appear, in which students were
given an abridged course in mathematics (including geometry). In
this chapter, we have no room to discuss the distinctive characteristics
of the courses in geometry that we have just mentioned — neither
the advanced course nor the abridged one — and our attention will
be focused on “ordinary” schools. Nonetheless, the appearance of
“not ordinary” schools and classes had an impact on the ordinary
course in mathematics. More difficult problems or additional sections,
tested out in classes with an advanced course in mathematics, not
infrequently found their way into ordinary textbooks as well, even if
an asterisk was placed next to them to suggest that they were optional.
On the other hand, illustrations or stories that initially appeared in
mathematics textbooks for schools with an advanced course of study
in the humanities would subsequently migrate to ordinary textbooks
without any difficulty at all; showing students something beautiful or
entertaining turned out to be natural not only with students who were
uninterested in the subject, but with students in general.
Finally, let us mention what is perhaps the most important fact of all.
The preparation of mathematics teachers includes serious preparation
in geometry over many years. Future teachers come to pedagogical
colleges from schools where they studied practically the same deductive
course in geometry that they would have to teach. At their pedagogical
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colleges, they become acquainted with the foundations of geometry,
higher-dimensional Euclidean geometry, non-Euclidean geometry,
and differential geometry. In addition, they are usually offered various
courses in solving “school problems,” i.e. problems in elementary
plane and three-dimensional geometry. It is naive, of course, to equate
the number of courses that students have taken with their actual
knowledge, yet it is important to note that considerable time is devoted
to geometry in the college program as well. Once again, it must be
recalled that at a certain stage, for economic reasons, Russian schools
were flooded with out-of-work engineers, whose higher education
contained much fewer courses in geometry. We have already pointed
out that the system of professional development has been significantly
weakened in recent years. Nonetheless, there are still many teachers
in Russian schools who are sufficiently well-prepared to carry out
instruction in a substantive course in geometry.
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