2
The Contents of the Course in Geometry
in Russian Schools
The contents of the course “Geometry” in the most recent programs
at the time of this writing (Standards, 2009) consist of the following
March 9, 2011
15:1
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch03
On the Teaching of GeometryGeometry in Russia
83
sections (the number of hours recommended by the program for the
study of each section is indicated in parentheses):
Grades 5 and 6: Visual geometry (45 hours). Students are given
a visual sense of basic two-dimensional figures, their construction,
and various ways in which they may be positioned with respect to
one another, as well as measurements of lengths, angles, and areas.
The concept of the congruence of figures and certain transformations
of the plane (symmetries) are discussed. Students are also famil-
iarized with three-dimensional figures, their representations, cross-
sections, and unfoldings, as well as with formulas for determining their
volumes.
Grades 7–9 are devoted to the systematic study of plane geometry,
which includes the following sections:
• Straight lines and angles (20 hours);
• Triangles (65 hours);
• Quadrilaterals (20 hours);
• Polygons (10 hours);
• The circle and the disk (20 hours);
• Geometric transformations (10 hours);
• Compass and straight-edge constructions (5 hours);
• Measuring geometric magnitudes (25 hours);
• Coordinates (10 hours);
• Vectors (10 hours);
• Extra time — 20 hours.
In grades 10 and 11, geometry is studied at the basic and advanced
levels. Second-generation standards for the upper grades are still being
developed, while according to Standards (2004a), at the basic level,
students in grades 10 and 11 were required to study the following
topics in three-dimensional geometry:
• Straight lines and planes in space;
• Polyhedra;
• Objects and surfaces of rotation;
• The volumes of objects and the areas of their surfaces;
• Coordinates and vectors.
March 9, 2011
15:1
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch03
84
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
The content of each section is quite rich. For each topic, the
programs indicate the basic skill set that the students must acquire.
For example, in the section on “Triangles,” the students must learn to:
• Identify on a geometric drawing, formulate definitions of, and
draw the following: right, acute, obtuse, isosceles, and equilateral
triangles; the altitude, the median, the bisector, and the midpoint
connector of a triangle;
• Formulate the definition of congruent triangles; formulate and
prove theorems on sufficient conditions for triangles to be con-
gruent;
• Explain and illustrate the triangle inequality;
• Formulate and prove theorems on the properties and indications
of isosceles triangles, the relations between the sides and angles of
a triangle, the sum of the angles of a triangle, the exterior angles of
a triangle, and the midpoint connector of a triangle;
• Formulate the definition of similar triangles;
• Formulate and prove theorems on sufficient conditions for triangles
to be similar, and Thales’ theorem;
• Formulate definitions of and illustrate the concepts of the sine,
cosine, tangent, and cotangent of the acute angle of a right triangle;
derive formulas expressing trigonometric functions as ratios of the
lengths of the sides of a right triangle; formulate and prove the
Pythagorean theorem;
• Formulate the definitions of the sine, cosine, tangent, and cotan-
gent of angles from 0
◦
to 180
◦
; derive formulas expressing the
functions of angles from 0
◦
to 180
◦
through the functions of
acute angles; formulate and explain the basic trigonometric iden-
tity; given a trigonometric function of an angle, find a specified
trigonometric function of that angle; formulate and prove the law
of sines and the law of cosines;
• Formulate and prove theorems on the points of intersection
of perpendicular bisectors, bisectors, medians, altitudes, or their
extensions;
• Investigate the properties of a triangle using computer programs;
• Solve problems involving proofs, computations, and geometric
constructions by using the properties of triangles and the relations
March 9, 2011
15:1
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch03
On the Teaching of GeometryGeometry in Russia
85
between them as well as the methods for constructing proofs that
have been studied (Standards, 2009, pp. 36–37).
2
It should be noted that although algebra and geometry are taught
as two separate subjects, the course in algebra addresses some topics
(concepts) that pertain to the course in geometry as well. One example
is the section of the algebra course that covers “Cartesian Coordinates
in the Plane”; another is the section on “Logic and Sets” (10 hours)
in the second-generation Standards (Standards, 2009, p. 16), which
belongs to both the course in algebra and the course in geometry.
Comparing the recently published second-generation Standards
for basic schools (cited above) with previously published Standards
(Standards, 2004b) or even earlier programs, we find few differences.
The contents of the course, in terms of the list of concepts and
propositions covered, have remained stable. Naturally, 30 years ago
there was no investigation of the properties of a triangle with the
help of a computer program, mentioned above, nor was such a
problem even posed at the time (nor is it often encountered today in
actual classrooms, by all appearances); but problems involving proofs,
computations, and constructions that require knowledge of the many
theorems studied in the course are assigned and solved today largely as
they were years ago.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |