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competitions (“Geometry 7–9” and “Geometry 10–11”). Second
place in the competition “Geometry 7–9” was won by Pogorelov’s
textbook, while in the competition “Geometry 10–11” Pogorelov’s
textbook shared second and third place with the manuscript presented
by the Kiev authors G. P. Bevz, V. G. Bevz, and N. G. Vladimirova. The
manuscript of the textbook “Geometry 7–9” by Alexandrov, Werner,
and Ryzhik came in third, and their “Geometry 10–11” fourth. Below,
we describe these textbooks’ approaches in greater detail.
5.3.1
A. V. Pogorelov’s geometry textbook
Long before the nationwide competition, A. V. Pogorelov, an academi-
cian and well-known geometer, published a book in elementary geom-
etry (1974), which became the foundation for his school textbook.
Therefore, we will begin with his textbook (Pogorelov’s textbook was
reissued many times; see, for example, Pogorelov, 2004a, 2004b.)
The competition committee characterized his work as follows: “The
manuscripts of the textbooks are characterized by a high level of rigor
in the presentation of the theoretical material, brevity and precision of
language, and the use of an axiomatic foundation in the construction
of the course” (Konkurs, 1988, p. 49).
What Kolmogorov had been preparing to do (but did not do),
Pogorelov did: at the very beginning of the course, he named the
basic geometric figures — point and straight line — and presented
a complete system of axioms for this course, which he described as
the fundamental properties of the basic geometric figures. After this,
precisely and methodically, Pogorelov presented definitions and proved
subsequent propositions. The course is unified, self-contained, and
similar to a course in the foundations of geometry.
Pogorelov’s geometry textbook is structured as an outline. It
is divided into sections which are broken down into clauses. The
theoretical text in each section is followed first by test questions and
then by problems. People who worked with Pogorelov told the authors
of this chapter that he always strove to shorten the text of his textbook
and would repeat: “If you see that a sentence can be crossed out, then
cross it out!” Pogorelov assumed that teachers by themselves would
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add the necessary words in class, in accordance with their pedagogical
approach.
The hand of an outstanding geometer can be seen in many of
the proofs and in how the presentation of the topics is structured.
Nonetheless, as the textbook was put into use, critical observations
arose. Let us return, for example, to the theorem about the intersection
of the diagonals of a parallelogram, discussed above. Kiselev’s tacit
introduction of a point O at the intersection of the diagonals was
unacceptable for Pogorelov’s course, which was far more rigorous than
Kiselev’s: indeed, it does not follow from anything that a parallelo-
gram’s diagonals intersect at all. Kolmogorov’s proof, examined above,
showed this, but it relied on transformations, which was unacceptable
for Pogorelov’s course. The way out of this predicament was found,
first, by proving on the basis of the congruence of the triangles (which
was once again referred to as “equality”) that if the diagonals of a
quadrilateral intersect and their point of intersection divides them in
half, then this quadrilateral is a parallelogram. As for the theorem that
the diagonals of a parallelogram intersect and are divided in half by
their point of intersection, it was proven as follows (Fig. 2):
In the parallelogram
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