15
On Candidate’s Dissertations
In discussing the Doctor’s dissertations defended over the past 20 years,
we have mentioned if not all, then almost all, of the dissertations
that have been written; for Candidate’s dissertations, of course, no
discussion on a similar scale is possible as many hundreds of them have
been defended. Tkhamofokova and Dalinger’s (1980) index contains
only dissertations defended before 1980, and their number too is not
small (for example, the section on the history of mathematics education
alone contains 50 works). Our aim here, therefore, is very modest:
only to provide a sketch of what a Candidate’s dissertation looks like,
without claiming that our survey is exhaustive or that the dissertations
discussed in it are the best (or, conversely, the worst) of those that
have been written. We limit ourselves to five studies, whose selection
was essentially random, since it was determined by the selection of
the most recent authors’ summaries of Candidate’s dissertations that
happened to be in libraries at the time when we were collecting our
data, and also by our wish to represent works in different areas.
Thus, let us consider the dissertation of Shagilova (2008), which
is related to her study mentioned in the earlier section on “Problem
Solving.” Shagilova studies the changes in the role of problems in the
mathematics education process and seeks to identify the factors that
influence these changes. She analyzes textbooks and the statements of
their authors and other educators concerning the role of problems.
Two chapters of the dissertation (out of four) are devoted to recent
history, from the middle of the 20th century on; she reaches the
conclusion that in recent times problems have become a means of
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education, mental training, and development. She does not confine
herself to historical analysis, but also designs specific blocks of problems
(in accordance with the view of the role of problems that she develops)
and puts them to use in experimental teaching.
The development of students’ intellectual–creative activity is the
subject of a dissertation by Lebedeva (2008). Her main tenets are
support for open assignments and integrated courses, and flexibility
in organizing the interaction between teacher and student. The
dissertation contains two chapters, the first of which analyzes the actual
notion of intellectual–creative activity and the necessary conditions for
its development, while the second directly discusses the methodology
of this development, presenting various assignments and considering
the requirements that their design must satisfy.
Kokhuzheva’s work (2008) is devoted to the formation of school
graduates’ preparedness to continue their mathematics education
in college. The first of the dissertation’s two chapters theoretically
analyzes the question of what is meant by the formation of prepared-
ness to continue education; the second describes the organizational
and technological (methodological) components of recommended
approaches to forming such preparedness (in particular, the author
discusses the organization of elective courses). Kokhuzheva conducted
experimental teaching followed by a questionnaire survey, which she
cites to support the validity of her approach.
Arsentieva (2008) studies issues pertaining to the methodology of
teaching algebra; her aim is “to develop a theoretical foundation and
methodological support for the advanced study of algebraic structures
in the school course in mathematics” (p. 4). She argues for the
importance of studying such concepts as operations and groups in
school; she also considers it important that students form a notion
of isomorphisms. Her dissertation, like the two discussed immediately
above, contains two chapters, the first of which is theoretical in
nature, while the second is devoted to methodological aspects. In
particular, she describes an elective course that she has developed
and offers various systems of problems and exercises. She has carried
out pretests and posttests which, as she notes, have confirmed her
hypotheses.
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Berdiugina (2009) focuses on the preparation of future teachers.
The key concepts for her are geometrical abilities and techniques
of learning activity. Among the first she names are logical, spatial,
investigative, and other abilities. Among forms of learning activity,
she lists cognitive, constructive, practical, developmental, and other
activities. Berdiugina establishes connections between these concepts
and focuses on the development of students’ geometrical abilities on
the basis of techniques of learning activity. She discusses the theoretical
aspects of the problem in the first chapter of the dissertation, while
in the second chapter she turns to its methodological aspects. The
second chapter also discusses experimental work carried out over a
number of years, during which she taught a course in geometry for
first-year pedagogical institute students. According to Berdiugina, her
methodology made it possible to develop the students’ geometrical
abilities better.
As may be easily seen even from this very brief analysis, the subjects
of Candidate’s dissertations are not very different from the subjects
of Doctor’s dissertations (which is not surprising): in Candidate’s
dissertations, too, the focus is on problem solving and the history
of mathematics education, on the development of creativity and the
continuity of education, on teaching specific mathematical subjects,
and the preparation of future teachers. The principal difference is in
the scope and size of the studies: the aims of Doctor’s dissertations
are far more ambitious, the theoretical investigation must be far
more profound and multifaceted (ideally, a Doctor must create a new
theory), the experiment is larger and longer, the expected practical
applications must be far more significant, and so on. At the same
time, we should note that the chapters of Candidate’s dissertations
are quite expansive and contain discussions on theoretical concepts and
categories and the existing literature, and also (usually) methodological
and experimental sections. To repeat, Candidate’s dissertations also
require that the main results be published prior to the defense.
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