.
already completed the previous problem).
but they also derive new facts (such as a new formula).
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On the Mathematics Lesson
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On the one hand, nearly all of the problems are different; no
problems are different only by virtue of using different numbers and
are otherwise identical. On the other hand, the problems given to
the students echo one another and, to some extent, build on one
another. For example, in the computational exercise No. 1, the formula
is applied in standard form, while in No. 2 a certain rearrangement must
be made. Problems involving the simplification of algebraic expressions
recall the computational problems given earlier. The problem in which
students are asked to determine a k to obtain the square of a binomial
has something in common with the problem containing the illegible
number, and so on — not to mention that the formulas repeated during
the first stage become the foundation for all that follows.
The lesson is structured rather rigidly in the sense indicated above,
i.e. in terms of the presence of links and connections that make the
order of the problems far from arbitrary. At the same time, a lesson
with such content requires considerable flexibility and openness on
the teacher’s part. For example, the hypothesis that (a + b + c)
2
=
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+2ab+3ac+4bc may be rejected by the students for various
reasons — say, because the expression proposed is not symmetric (the
students will most likely express this thought in their own way, and the
teacher will have to work to clarify it), or simply because when certain
numbers are substituted for the variables, e.g. a = b = c = 1, the two
sides of the equation are not equal. However, the students might also
express opinions that they cannot convincingly justify (for example,
that the coefficients cannot be 3 and 4 because the formulas studied
previously did not contain these coefficients). The teacher must have
the ability both to get to the bottom of what students are trying to say
in often unclear ways, and to take a proposition and quickly show its
author and the whole class that it is open to question and has not been
proven.
One of the authors of this chapter (Karp, 2004) has already written
elsewhere about the complex interaction between the mathematical
content and the pedagogical form of a lesson. Sometimes the teacher
is able to achieve an interaction between content and form that
has an emotional effect on the students comparable to the effect
made by works of art. However, even given the seemingly simple
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